<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Expect No Answer]]></title><description><![CDATA[André Léger is a New Brunswick entrepreneur. He started in investment banking, spent 20 years in digital adoption and operations, and co-founded a brewery in 2014. He writes about resilience, risk, and what holds up under stress.]]></description><link>https://substack.andreleger.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BWyq!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b7164a3-688f-4b29-8a3c-94cd2eb701d7_1342x1342.jpeg</url><title>Expect No Answer</title><link>https://substack.andreleger.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Tue, 06 Oct 2026 03:19:50 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://substack.andreleger.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Andre Leger]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[expectnoanswer@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[expectnoanswer@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Andre Leger]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Andre Leger]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[expectnoanswer@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[expectnoanswer@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Andre Leger]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Le grognon roule du mauvais sens]]></title><description><![CDATA[Pas grave, il sait o&#249; il s'en va.]]></description><link>https://substack.andreleger.com/p/le-grognon-roule-du-mauvais-sens</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://substack.andreleger.com/p/le-grognon-roule-du-mauvais-sens</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andre Leger]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 04 Oct 2026 15:41:11 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pz5X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1c75c40-4335-4540-bfee-3cafadfd46ef_1848x3037.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>J&#8217;arrive d&#8217;&#201;cosse. Deux semaines &#224; conduire du mauvais sens. Mon &#233;pouse avait peur que j&#8217;oublie comment bien conduire en revenant. Je lui ai pas dit, mais je conduis bien tout le temps.</p><p>Au bureau de location, le gars me demande si j&#8217;ai d&#233;j&#224; conduit &#224; gauche. &#171; No! &#187;, que je lui dis en bon anglais. &#171; I normally drive on the right side of the road. &#187; Je suis pas certain qu&#8217;il a compris le sens de mon commentaire imp&#233;rialiste. Bof. J&#8217;ai pris les cl&#233;s, ma valise, pis direction l&#8217;auto.</p><p>&#171; Oh. The steering wheel is on the right side &#187;, que je me suis dit en voyant le char, dans ma version de la langue locale.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a></p><p>&#199;a a mis un b&#233;mol, ou un di&#232;se, &#224; ce que je venais de dire au gars du comptoir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pz5X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1c75c40-4335-4540-bfee-3cafadfd46ef_1848x3037.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pz5X!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1c75c40-4335-4540-bfee-3cafadfd46ef_1848x3037.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pz5X!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1c75c40-4335-4540-bfee-3cafadfd46ef_1848x3037.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pz5X!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1c75c40-4335-4540-bfee-3cafadfd46ef_1848x3037.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pz5X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1c75c40-4335-4540-bfee-3cafadfd46ef_1848x3037.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pz5X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1c75c40-4335-4540-bfee-3cafadfd46ef_1848x3037.jpeg" width="1848" height="3037" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e1c75c40-4335-4540-bfee-3cafadfd46ef_1848x3037.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:3037,&quot;width&quot;:1848,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1098531,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/i/218792658?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa92b69ac-7661-4584-b8a2-cf9251011e05_4000x1848.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pz5X!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1c75c40-4335-4540-bfee-3cafadfd46ef_1848x3037.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pz5X!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1c75c40-4335-4540-bfee-3cafadfd46ef_1848x3037.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pz5X!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1c75c40-4335-4540-bfee-3cafadfd46ef_1848x3037.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pz5X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1c75c40-4335-4540-bfee-3cafadfd46ef_1848x3037.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Faites pas &#231;a &#224; la maison. Je suis un professionnel.</em></figcaption></figure></div><p>Heureusement, l&#8217;acc&#233;l&#233;rateur reste &#224; droite. On the right side, for all. Mais pas les clignotants. &#199;a m&#8217;a amen&#233; &#224; une profonde r&#233;flexion : les gens au Canada qui mettent jamais leurs clignotants, c&#8217;est peut-&#234;tre juste du monde qui a appris &#224; conduire au United Kingdom. Pis leur windshield est toujours sec. C&#8217;est quand m&#234;me bizarre qu&#8217;ils se rendent pas compte qu&#8217;ici, les clignotants partent les wipers.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a></p><p>Il y a une affaire, l&#224;-bas, qui avait du bon sens : les chemins &#171; single track &#187;. &#199;a vous am&#232;ne o&#249; vous voulez, mais un seul sens &#224; la fois. Avec ben des &#233;chappatoires, pour laisser passer celui qui s&#8217;en vient dans l&#8217;autre sens. Quand on se croise, on fait comme les gars de moto : la main lev&#233;e, pour remercier l&#8217;autre de nous avoir laiss&#233; passer.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a> Comme s&#8217;il pensait pas que moi aussi, je voulais passer.</p><p>Faut avouer que c&#8217;est le fun de se faire saluer en conduisant. Autant qu&#8217;un collant d&#8217;&#233;toile sur un devoir &#224; la petite &#233;cole.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>On fait pas &#231;a beaucoup en Am&#233;rique du Nord, des routes single track pav&#233;es. On a utilis&#233; notre bon sens : &#231;a nous prend des routes ben larges, pour qu&#8217;on puisse contourner les nids-de-poule. On a tout pr&#233;vu.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a></p><p>En ville, l&#224;-bas, les chemins &#224; double sens deviennent des single tracks quand le monde se stationne. Nous autres, on fait des sens uniques. &#192; Montr&#233;al, je l&#8217;ai vu : tout le monde veut passer en premier. L&#8217;impasse.</p><p>Pis aux stops, dans ma petite ville, c&#8217;est le contraire. On a trop souvent le r&#233;flexe de laisser passer tout le monde avant. Par politesse, par savoir-vivre. Pas par savoir-conduire.</p><p>Le rond-point r&#232;gle &#231;a. &#171; Vas-y &#187; quand c&#8217;est ton tour. Sors &#224; ta sortie. Sinon tu vas nulle part. &#199;a fait ben du sens.</p><p>Dans un rond-point, au United Kingdom, il y a juste une affaire &#224; surveiller : celui qui s&#8217;en vient de la droite. Ici, on se m&#233;fie de la gauche. Qui a raison? Moi, je regarde des deux bords. Comme on a appris &#224; la petite &#233;cole. Je prends pas pour acquis que l&#8217;autre regarde du bon sens.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1Lpa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f894527-1633-4511-863e-a20da7ebd334_4000x1848.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1Lpa!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f894527-1633-4511-863e-a20da7ebd334_4000x1848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1Lpa!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f894527-1633-4511-863e-a20da7ebd334_4000x1848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1Lpa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f894527-1633-4511-863e-a20da7ebd334_4000x1848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1Lpa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f894527-1633-4511-863e-a20da7ebd334_4000x1848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1Lpa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f894527-1633-4511-863e-a20da7ebd334_4000x1848.jpeg" width="1456" height="673" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8f894527-1633-4511-863e-a20da7ebd334_4000x1848.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:673,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:10693528,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/i/218792658?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f894527-1633-4511-863e-a20da7ebd334_4000x1848.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1Lpa!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f894527-1633-4511-863e-a20da7ebd334_4000x1848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1Lpa!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f894527-1633-4511-863e-a20da7ebd334_4000x1848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1Lpa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f894527-1633-4511-863e-a20da7ebd334_4000x1848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1Lpa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f894527-1633-4511-863e-a20da7ebd334_4000x1848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">C'est &#233;crit &#224; terre. Je regarde des deux bords pareil.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Il y en a un, au sud, qui a promis une r&#233;volution du bon sens. Apr&#232;s quelques centaines de ronds-points, je peux vous le dire : une r&#233;volution, &#231;a peut vous sortir &#224; la mauvaise place, pis du mauvais sens.</p><p>Pis dans un rond-point, une r&#233;volution compl&#232;te vous ram&#232;ne au m&#234;me point. Avec moins d&#8217;essence.</p><p></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Je parle pas le ga&#233;lique, pis j&#8217;ai pas le fabuleux accent &#233;cossais.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Note de la r&#233;daction : oui, dans la voiture lou&#233;e, les essuie-glaces et les clignotants &#233;taient invers&#233;s. Pour lui, pas pour eux.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Les gars de moto, eux, saluent pas les chars. De toute fa&#231;on, les chars les voient pas.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>L&#224;-bas, j&#8217;en ai presque pas vu. Moins d&#8217;asphalte &#224; entretenir, j&#8217;imagine. Ici, on aime mieux critiquer les gens de la voirie que bl&#226;mer la neige pis le gel. C&#8217;est pourtant pas eux autres qui font la pluie et le beau temps.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Le grognon sur Islay]]></title><description><![CDATA[En voyage, on aime voir du monde fier de ce qui se fait bien chez eux. On peut faire &#231;a chez nous aussi.]]></description><link>https://substack.andreleger.com/p/le-grognon-sur-islay</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://substack.andreleger.com/p/le-grognon-sur-islay</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andre Leger]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 24 Sep 2026 19:17:09 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vzm4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87a95877-2c75-4596-a3c3-27e71826721f_1848x2368.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Me voil&#224; en &#201;cosse, la Vieille-&#201;cosse qu&#8217;on devrait dire au Canada. Un voyage qui fait partie de ma bucket list<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a>. Apr&#232;s un bref s&#233;jour &#224; Edinburgh, dit ED-in-bur-uh ou ED-in-bruh, je me retrouve maintenant sur Islay, dit a&#239;-la<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a>.</p><p>Juste wow. Une petite &#238;le d&#8217;un peu plus de 3 000 habitants, des paysages &#224; couper le souffle, des moutons dans les champs, des Highland Coos avec leur toupet &#224; la mode, des lapins de garenne sauvages, des belles routes sinueuses single track, des champs de tourbe. Pis maintenant onze distilleries.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vzm4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87a95877-2c75-4596-a3c3-27e71826721f_1848x2368.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vzm4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87a95877-2c75-4596-a3c3-27e71826721f_1848x2368.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vzm4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87a95877-2c75-4596-a3c3-27e71826721f_1848x2368.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vzm4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87a95877-2c75-4596-a3c3-27e71826721f_1848x2368.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vzm4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87a95877-2c75-4596-a3c3-27e71826721f_1848x2368.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vzm4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87a95877-2c75-4596-a3c3-27e71826721f_1848x2368.jpeg" width="1848" height="2368" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/87a95877-2c75-4596-a3c3-27e71826721f_1848x2368.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2368,&quot;width&quot;:1848,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1719249,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/i/217283585?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F41a0e786-ce54-46ee-a9ed-8c04353694e9_4000x1848.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vzm4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87a95877-2c75-4596-a3c3-27e71826721f_1848x2368.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vzm4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87a95877-2c75-4596-a3c3-27e71826721f_1848x2368.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vzm4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87a95877-2c75-4596-a3c3-27e71826721f_1848x2368.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vzm4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87a95877-2c75-4596-a3c3-27e71826721f_1848x2368.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Highland Coo. Septembre 2026...</figcaption></figure></div><p>Les gens qu&#8217;on rencontre sont tr&#232;s fiers de leur terroir. On a fait une visite guid&#233;e de Lagavulin, &#224; Lagavulin, sise sur la baie de Lagavulin. Une distillerie fond&#233;e l&#233;galement en 1816<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a>, mais qui fait du whisky depuis bien avant, en cachette des percepteurs d&#8217;imp&#244;ts de l&#8217;Angleterre.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TtTv!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40721a15-44a2-468a-acde-2ec4cf27a6f7_1536x1223.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TtTv!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40721a15-44a2-468a-acde-2ec4cf27a6f7_1536x1223.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TtTv!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40721a15-44a2-468a-acde-2ec4cf27a6f7_1536x1223.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TtTv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40721a15-44a2-468a-acde-2ec4cf27a6f7_1536x1223.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TtTv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40721a15-44a2-468a-acde-2ec4cf27a6f7_1536x1223.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TtTv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40721a15-44a2-468a-acde-2ec4cf27a6f7_1536x1223.jpeg" width="1536" height="1223" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/40721a15-44a2-468a-acde-2ec4cf27a6f7_1536x1223.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1223,&quot;width&quot;:1536,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:283037,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/i/217283585?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F474c3236-5d94-47c2-90e2-4aebff0abacd_1536x2048.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TtTv!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40721a15-44a2-468a-acde-2ec4cf27a6f7_1536x1223.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TtTv!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40721a15-44a2-468a-acde-2ec4cf27a6f7_1536x1223.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TtTv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40721a15-44a2-468a-acde-2ec4cf27a6f7_1536x1223.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TtTv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F40721a15-44a2-468a-acde-2ec4cf27a6f7_1536x1223.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">D&#233;gustation sur place. Une de plusieurs.</figcaption></figure></div><p>En passant, savez-vous comment on appelle le Scotch Whisky en &#201;cosse? Du whisky<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a>.</p><p>Comme je disais, plusieurs distilleries, mais la plupart d&#233;tenues par des grandes, grandes multinationales : Diageo, LVMH<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a> et Suntory Global Spirits du Japon. Je comprends que c&#8217;est pas &#233;vident faire du whisky. Il faut &#234;tre patient, pis surtout il faut beaucoup de capital investi &#224; long terme.</p><p>On brasse de l&#8217;orge, comme pour la bi&#232;re mais sans le houblon, pis on distille &#231;a<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a>. Apr&#232;s, on doit le faire maturer au moins trois ans avant de pouvoir &#233;crire whisky sur la bouteille. Sur Islay, j&#8217;ai pas vu de whisky de moins de cinq ans. Je semble percevoir que sept ou huit ans, c&#8217;est le minimum sans g&#234;ne.</p><p>Moi, j&#8217;ai un faible pour les petits joueurs qui sont encore l&#224; : un propri&#233;taire, une famille, leurs traditions. Pas un d&#233;partement marketing qui fait des d&#233;bats, mais une &#233;quipe qui fait des choix qui lui ressemblent. Mais du whisky, c&#8217;est pas de la bi&#232;re. Mettre en entrep&#244;t un baril pendant 10, 12, 16, 25 ans<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-7" href="#footnote-7" target="_self">7</a>, et plus, bien &#231;a prend des reins solides, pis un foie autant que de la foi. Et par la suite, vendre ces bouteilles... ils les vendront pas toutes &#224; la distillerie, ils doivent distribuer partout dans le monde.</p><p>Et voil&#224; le bout grognon que vous attendiez. Une distillerie en &#201;cosse brasse, fermente, fait vieillir douze ans, traverse l&#8217;Atlantique, pis vend sa bouteille &#224; 100 piasses chez mon d&#233;taillant monopolistique du Nouveau-Brunswick. J&#8217;arrondis, mais faut dire que cette bouteille-l&#224; &#233;tait &#224; 80 il y a pas si longtemps. J&#8217;ai un ami distillateur, chez nous, qui a sorti un jeune whiskey il y a quelques ann&#233;es. Prix de vente : autour de 90 piasses. Dix de plus que le Scotch de douze ans, &#224; l&#8217;&#233;poque. Depuis, le Scotch a mont&#233;. Mon ami a pratiquement pas boug&#233; son prix.</p><p>Est-ce que le producteur local a vu une occasion de faire un coup d&#8217;argent avec la mont&#233;e de l&#8217;int&#233;r&#234;t international pour le spiritueux &#224; base d&#8217;orge? Malheureusement, je sais que la r&#233;ponse est non. Taxe d&#8217;accise brutale, markup gourmand du monopole provincial, volume artisanal qui permet pas d&#8217;&#233;conomies d&#8217;&#233;chelle vis-&#224;-vis des grands. Personne &#224; Fredericton a d&#233;cid&#233; de lui nuire. Mais le syst&#232;me lui donne pas deux cents ans d&#8217;histoire, des millions de litres en production, pis un r&#233;seau de distribution mondial.</p><p>Quand une petite distillerie de chez nous vend son whiskey &#224; un client r&#233;gulier, m&#234;me un touriste, c&#8217;est un vote pour la production locale : l&#8217;orge du champ d&#8217;&#224; c&#244;t&#233;, les employ&#233;s qui restent dans le coin, l&#8217;&#233;lectricien, pis le touriste qui a fait le d&#233;tour parce qu&#8217;il voulait voir, pis qui va manger au resto d&#8217;&#224; c&#244;t&#233;. Le markup du monopole comptabilise pas &#231;a. Il optimise la rentabilit&#233; du magasin, pas celle de la province. Son whiskey finit &#224; ce prix-l&#224; en partie parce que c&#8217;est de la taxe par-dessus de la taxe. Est-ce qu&#8217;il y a de la TVH sur la taxe d&#8217;accise pis sur le markup de la province, via le monopole? Oui!</p><p>Mais le vrai probl&#232;me est ailleurs. L&#8217;accise au litre est la m&#234;me pour le producteur de spiritueux du Nouveau-Brunswick que pour Diageo<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-8" href="#footnote-8" target="_self">8</a>. Sauf que pour le Scotch, elle se paie &#224; la fronti&#232;re, quand ANBL l&#8217;a d&#233;j&#224; pay&#233;e &#224; Diageo. Diageo avance pas une cenne. Chez nous, elle se paie le jour o&#249; on embouteille, sur toute la batch, pis une batch de whiskey d&#8217;une petite distillerie, &#231;a peut prendre des ann&#233;es &#224; &#233;couler.</p><p>Donc avec ce syst&#232;me-l&#224;, le petit producteur commence la course loin derri&#232;re. Prenez Ardbeg. Ferm&#233;e en 1981, rouverte &#224; moiti&#233;, achet&#233;e par Glenmorangie en 1997 avec du vieux stock dans les entrep&#244;ts, pis LVMH a achet&#233; le tout en 2004. Du capital au bon moment, ils ont achet&#233; du temps d&#233;j&#224; pass&#233;, &#224; rabais. Pis ce temps-l&#224;, quelqu&#8217;un l&#8217;a pay&#233; avant eux. Lagavulin a eu ses premi&#232;res d&#233;cennies &#224; se cacher du percepteur, pis deux cents ans apr&#232;s pour b&#226;tir le reste. Mon ami a eu le percepteur d&#232;s la premi&#232;re bouteille.</p><p>Aujourd&#8217;hui, j&#8217;ai visit&#233; Kilchoman, &#224; l&#8217;autre bout de l&#8217;&#238;le. Une ferme familiale, fond&#233;e en 2005, la premi&#232;re nouvelle distillerie sur Islay en 124 ans. Ils font une gamme, 100% Islay, o&#249; tout vient de la ferme : l&#8217;orge pouss&#233;e dans le champ d&#8217;&#224; c&#244;t&#233;, malt&#233;e sur place, distill&#233;e, vieillie, embouteill&#233;e, sans jamais sortir de la ferme. Mon ami fait pareil. Il fait pousser son orge, il la malte lui-m&#234;me, pis une bonne partie du reste vient de sa ferme aussi.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8S2E!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6b68644-797f-4b13-9f32-b33eb5a19298_4000x1848.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8S2E!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6b68644-797f-4b13-9f32-b33eb5a19298_4000x1848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8S2E!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6b68644-797f-4b13-9f32-b33eb5a19298_4000x1848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8S2E!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6b68644-797f-4b13-9f32-b33eb5a19298_4000x1848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8S2E!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6b68644-797f-4b13-9f32-b33eb5a19298_4000x1848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8S2E!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6b68644-797f-4b13-9f32-b33eb5a19298_4000x1848.jpeg" width="1456" height="673" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a6b68644-797f-4b13-9f32-b33eb5a19298_4000x1848.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:673,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:8271492,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/i/217283585?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6b68644-797f-4b13-9f32-b33eb5a19298_4000x1848.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8S2E!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6b68644-797f-4b13-9f32-b33eb5a19298_4000x1848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8S2E!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6b68644-797f-4b13-9f32-b33eb5a19298_4000x1848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8S2E!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6b68644-797f-4b13-9f32-b33eb5a19298_4000x1848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8S2E!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6b68644-797f-4b13-9f32-b33eb5a19298_4000x1848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Champ d&#8217;orge &#224; Kilchoman</figcaption></figure></div><p>Kilchoman fait du whisky depuis vingt et un ans. Mon ami, depuis une dizaine d&#8217;ann&#233;es, &#224; peu pr&#232;s. Islay a onze distilleries. La P&#233;ninsule acadienne en a une. Je le sais que le gouvernement a besoin d&#8217;argent. Le percepteur anglais aussi en avait besoin, il y a deux cents ans. Il a baiss&#233; son tarif, en 1816 pis encore en 1823, pis les distilleries sont sorties du bois. Deux cents ans plus tard, il collecte encore sur chaque bouteille vendue chez lui. Il a demand&#233; moins, pis tout d&#8217;un coup il avait bien plus de monde &#224; taxer.</p><p>Je suis all&#233; en &#201;cosse une fois dans ma vie. Je suis d&#233;j&#224; all&#233; dans le coin de Caraquet<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-9" href="#footnote-9" target="_self">9</a>, pis je vais retourner visiter mon ami distillateur. Les paysages de la P&#233;ninsule acadienne sont aussi &#224; couper le souffle, pis les gens aussi sympathiques. Manque juste les Highland Coos, que mon &#233;pouse a tant admir&#233;es.</p><h2></h2><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>J&#8217;ai pas vraiment de bucket list, mais ceux qui me connaissent savent que j&#8217;aime le scotch whisky, les paysages, les exp&#233;riences authentiques et le scotch whisky.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Je vous aime bien, les amis du United Kingdom, mais &#231;a serait peut-&#234;tre le temps de passer &#224; une r&#233;forme de votre langue &#233;crite. Pourquoi pas juste &#233;crire comment vous le prononcez? Nous autres, on l&#8217;a faite : ognon, n&#233;nufar. J&#8217;&#233;tais contre. J&#8217;avais appris &#224; l&#8217;&#233;peler quasi correctement &#224; la sueur de mon front, sans auto-correcteur merdique, pis l&#224; on me disait que &#231;a comptait pus. Mais les lettres de trop, c&#8217;est pas &#233;vident pour les gens de l&#8217;ext&#233;rieur. C&#8217;est une blague pis une simple suggestion :-)</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Avant, la licence co&#251;tait trop cher pour un petit alambic, fait qu&#8217;une bonne partie de l&#8217;&#201;cosse distillait en cachette pis le percepteur courait apr&#232;s. Londres a fini par comprendre, en deux temps. En 1816, Londres assouplit les r&#232;gles pis all&#232;ge la charge sur les petits alambics. En 1823, la licence tombe &#224; dix livres pis on peut laisser vieillir le whisky en entrep&#244;t avant de payer la taxe. Dix ans plus tard, la contrebande avait quasiment disparu. Ardbeg pis Laphroaig ont pris leur licence en 1815, Lagavulin en 1816. Elles faisaient d&#233;j&#224; du whisky. Elles ont juste commenc&#233; &#224; s&#8217;afficher.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>J&#8217;ai entendu un Am&#233;ricain demander au bartender si le whisky qu&#8217;il buvait &#233;tait du scotch. &#171; We are in Scotland here, aren&#8217;t we? &#187; Whisky, pas de &#171; e &#187;. Whiskey, c&#8217;est en Irlande pis aux &#201;tats. Le Canada &#233;crit whisky, comme les &#201;cossais. Sauf mon ami, qui a mis un e sur le sien, en clin d&#8217;&#339;il, je pr&#233;sume.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Louis Vuitton Mo&#235;t Hennessy. Oui, les sacoches tr&#232;s ch&#232;res, pis le reste.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Les &#201;cossais vont vous dire que de la bi&#232;re, c&#8217;est juste du whisky inachev&#233;. Mais ils vont le dire en anglais, avec un accent chaleureux.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-7" href="#footnote-anchor-7" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">7</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#199;a me fait penser. Je vais m&#8217;acheter un 25 ans en souvenir du voyage. On est venus ici f&#234;ter nos vingt-cinq ans de mariage, ma femme pis moi. Symbole que nous autres aussi, on a bien vieilli.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-8" href="#footnote-anchor-8" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">8</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Diageo, c&#8217;est Johnnie Walker, Lagavulin, Caol Ila, Talisker, pis une longue liste. Pr&#232;s de 20 milliards de dollars am&#233;ricains de ventes dans son dernier exercice. Je m&#8217;attarde pas sur eux, mais ils sont tr&#232;s pr&#233;sents dans le Scotch. On pourra s&#8217;en parler autour d&#8217;une Guinness.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-9" href="#footnote-anchor-9" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">9</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Si vous avez pas remarqu&#233; le parall&#232;le avec Islay, je vous aide. Un bout de pays au bout du pays, entour&#233; d&#8217;eau, o&#249; on vit de la p&#234;che, de la tourbe pis de la terre. La tourbe, chez nous, on la met dans des ballots pis on l&#8217;exporte pour les jardins. Sauf celle que mon ami garde pour son malt. Sur Islay, ils la br&#251;lent pour s&#233;cher l&#8217;orge, pis c&#8217;est ce go&#251;t-l&#224; qu&#8217;on paye des gros dollars par dram. Les deux places parlent une langue qui est pas n&#233;cessairement celle de la capitale.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[A Field Trip, Not an Assignment]]></title><description><![CDATA[Nowadays, the hard part is not getting there. It is knowing where to go.]]></description><link>https://substack.andreleger.com/p/a-field-trip-not-an-assignment</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://substack.andreleger.com/p/a-field-trip-not-an-assignment</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andre Leger]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 13 Sep 2026 16:35:16 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LuSw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F86e8ab3e-40db-436f-ad02-437a9b0c91f0_1920x1080.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In preparation for my Scotland trip, I started reading <em>How the Scots Invented the Modern World: The True Story of How Western Europe&#8217;s Poorest Nation Created Our World and Everything in It</em>. Most would assume I am heading over for the scotch, the landscapes, the historical sites, and the scotch again. They would be right. But scotch does not need homework. It is experiential; I will learn it the old-fashioned way, talking to the people who make it. The book is for history beyond the battles: real smart Scots who devoted their lives to a passion, an obsession. Keep in mind, the whole thing is a field trip, not an assignment.</p><p>I also realized that Scotland developed another thing I appreciate in life: hunting with dogs. I have been hunting pheasant for almost twenty years now, and somewhere along the way that got our family into pointing dogs: a Picardy Spaniel, one of France&#8217;s oldest pointing breeds.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LuSw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F86e8ab3e-40db-436f-ad02-437a9b0c91f0_1920x1080.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LuSw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F86e8ab3e-40db-436f-ad02-437a9b0c91f0_1920x1080.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LuSw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F86e8ab3e-40db-436f-ad02-437a9b0c91f0_1920x1080.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LuSw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F86e8ab3e-40db-436f-ad02-437a9b0c91f0_1920x1080.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LuSw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F86e8ab3e-40db-436f-ad02-437a9b0c91f0_1920x1080.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LuSw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F86e8ab3e-40db-436f-ad02-437a9b0c91f0_1920x1080.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/86e8ab3e-40db-436f-ad02-437a9b0c91f0_1920x1080.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:721660,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/i/215514158?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F86e8ab3e-40db-436f-ad02-437a9b0c91f0_1920x1080.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LuSw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F86e8ab3e-40db-436f-ad02-437a9b0c91f0_1920x1080.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LuSw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F86e8ab3e-40db-436f-ad02-437a9b0c91f0_1920x1080.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LuSw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F86e8ab3e-40db-436f-ad02-437a9b0c91f0_1920x1080.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LuSw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F86e8ab3e-40db-436f-ad02-437a9b0c91f0_1920x1080.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Ellie, a hunting partner and companion.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Scotland bred its own pointer, the Gordon Setter, in the late 1700s to hunt grouse on the open uplands. The hunting dog finds the bird and freezes on point. The hunter reads the dog and walks up behind. The dog could catch the bird on its own, of course. But that would mean failing at its role. What keeps the dog on point is inherited restraint. Imagine that restraint: a predator convinced, over thousands of generations, that the slow animal behind it, the one that does all the talking, is instrumental. Strangest of all, the belief is true. The hunter, whatever he tells you, can rarely find a hiding bird on his own. I speak from experience.</p><p>Then the Victorians &#8220;improved&#8221; the hunt. Guns became faster to reload, and the aristocracy turned the hunt into a social event. Hired men walked through the brush in a long line, making noise, pushing the birds toward a row of waiting shooters. The gentlemen stood in their assigned spots and shot what flew over. Nobody needed the finding anymore, and the pointers were replaced by retrievers, dogs whose task begins only after the shot. Marksmanship became the sport and the day&#8217;s count became the score. You only get record numbers when the birds are being delivered to you. Where I grew up, a schoolyard dispute was settled one against one, never a gang against one. The gentlemen dropped that rule and called it progress.</p><p>One of the worst sport hunting stories I ever heard went around Montreal business circles while I worked in them. Jean-Alain Bisaillon, the March&#233; Central promoter at the centre of the massive fraud file at the expense of a congregation of nuns, hunted caribou in the Grand Nord. The story that circulated was that a helicopter flew him to the big herds and, from up above, harassed the poor animals into exhaustion, running them along a river or straight into it. The hunter carried an automatic rifle, I presume. No walking, no finding, no dog. Ultimately, amidst the allegations, he took his own life at a skeet club in 2002, between clay pigeons being pulled for him on command. Seems like every target he ever hit was delivered to him.</p><p>Being extremely good at shooting does not make one a hunter. If you cannot find your next meal, all the medals in the world will not serve what the skill is actually for. The finding and the shooting are not the same skill.</p><p>Being extremely good at math does not necessarily make you a great mathematician either. Around 1900, uncaught errors in mathematical proofs were piling up; even the brightest were publishing work that later cracked under scrutiny. David Hilbert, a German mathematician, came up with a new approach to checking proofs, and he set out to write the rules down. Now, with his explicit rules, anyone could validate a proof, step by step, the way a layman checks basic calculations. G&#246;del, a fellow mathematician, later demonstrated the limits of that approach, but I digress.</p><p>The approach was fruitful, and mathematics ran on that rulebook for a century. But a proof that anyone can check is a proof a computer can be programmed to check as well, at faster and faster iterations.</p><p>By 2026, multiple headlines were declaring that artificial intelligence had taught itself past the mathematicians. Most of us have no way to check these claims: the AI companies are relentless at marketing, and every solved problem doubles as another press release. And &#8220;taught itself&#8221; hides the actual teachers. AI models learned from centuries of published proofs and even from research posted just weeks ago. No one is crediting the minds behind any of it, dead or living, as if the models invented everything. AI learned from their work, and now mathematicians feel they have to get out of the way.</p><p>The AI companies went after math first for an obvious reason: a mathematical answer can be validated outright. It is correct or incorrect, no ambiguity. In medicine or law, a finding can only be supported, more or less strongly; it is rarely settled outright. Math is attractive to the model builders because they have the rulebook.</p><p>Hilbert&#8217;s rules covered the checking. They never touched the other question: which problem actually deserves ten years of one&#8217;s life, which matters and which is just a puzzle. A pot shatters on the kitchen floor: do you glue it back together? A Ming vase, most certainly. A mason jar, you sweep and move on. Same glue, same skill, and nothing in the gluing manual tells you which pot deserves it. Nobody has ever managed to write that rulebook, or map the path to the right question. Hilbert wrote the marksman&#8217;s instructions; nobody wrote the hunter&#8217;s map. Solving was the shooting. Choosing was the finding.</p><p>Now imagine the math you would need to figure out, up to the millionth decimal, how many pints of beer I consumed yesterday at the brewery. Assume a pint is exactly 16 ounces, as the benchmark. There could be beer droplets in the air I consumed without knowing, some beer left at the bottom and on the side of the glass. Some of it could have come out of someone&#8217;s sneeze, or even mine. Talk about granularity. An AI would take the problem head-on. It could burn a data centre&#8217;s afternoon counting droplets. While doing that, it would do nothing else. Nothing inside a procedure knows how to say stop, this does not matter. Or I could use my judgment and say: I had about two pints, which I enjoyed greatly. The two answers differ by six decimal places and a whole lot of electricity.</p><p>The mathematicians have their own intuition too.</p><p>This past summer, an AI knocked over a conjecture that had stood since 1939 with an equation short enough to fit on a Post-it note. At the mathematicians&#8217; world congress in Philadelphia, one researcher now opens his talks with a slide on the five stages of grief, which I assume is a fair indication of the mood in the profession. The fear seems to run all the way down: graduate students told reporters they pay for AI subscriptions just to keep up.</p><p>Grief implies something was lost. But are they grieving the right thing?</p><p>Let us look at math prizes. Someone had to decide which problems actually deserved one. Prize problems are picked by committees, and the profession has honoured and accepted those choices as the gold standard. And there are real incentives attached: prize money, tenure, a career path. The incentives all point the same way: chase the problems hiring committees respect, publish what the journals already cite. An apprentice mathematician does not necessarily need to ask what matters. Mathematicians let the committees do much of the choosing long before AI started doing the solving.</p><p>Physics shows what that can look like. For a generation, the surest path to a career was string theory, and the brightest went down that corridor. I have heard the mathematical physicist Eric Weinstein make the case, on more than one podcast, that string theory was a dead end and that the people who said so early paid with their careers. Nature did not point everyone down the corridor; the job market did. I should note that string theory has not been pronounced dead yet. I have a weird feeling it is. What do I know?</p><p>The book I mentioned earlier is full of them: Scottish geniuses who questioned what everyone knew, were sidelined for it, and often got their recognition only after they died. David Hume, whose philosophy is still taught wherever philosophy is taught, was passed over for professorships at Edinburgh and Glasgow. James Hutton, the father of modern geology, could look at a layered stone in a farm field and see a question. He spent years studying rocks, erosion and geological layers, eventually concluding that the Earth was unimaginably older than the six thousand years the Bible had implied. The gatekeepers of biblical chronology, blindly defending that count, rejected the finding. The discoveries that changed history came, again and again, from people their own era had written off. The experts of the day called them quacks, and they almost had to: accepting the discovery meant rewriting the dogma that made them experts.</p><p>Which brings us to a character who shows up whenever a powerful new tool arrives: the technology evangelist. The industry itself uses the word without irony. You have heard the saying about the one with a hammer, how everything looks like a nail. The evangelist is that person, but with an &#8220;improved&#8221; version: electronic hammer in hand, goggles that find nails. The tool comes first; the problems get located afterward.</p><p>&#8220;Solve math, solve everything,&#8221; reads the slogan of one AI-for-math startup I came across. But look at which math the models solve: again, the famous prize problems, targets mathematicians picked decades ago. The hammer goes where humans already pointed it, so it inherits every human blind spot. Hume, for one, did the opposite: he followed his arguments to conclusions his era punished him for. Originality, even the tool-improving kind, rarely offers short-term rewards.</p><p>It would be convenient to blame the money, but what I learned reading about the brilliant Scots ruined that theory. James Watt had institutional support from the University of Glasgow, and eventually incentives to the teeth: patents and a rich business partner. But look at the order. He was repairing the university&#8217;s model steam engine when he realized how much heat it wasted. Sounds like a sensible problem to solve, except almost nobody else saw the waste as much of a problem. Coal in Scotland was dirt cheap. It was akin to asking Einstein to repair your thirty-year-old fridge. Why glue an old broken mason jar? Little reward for the added efficiency. No customer demanded it. Watt followed the waste anyway, and his answer eventually became the engine that powered the Industrial Revolution. Incentives will give you a budget, but they will rarely take you off the beaten path. Judgment will.</p><p>Watt went outside the box on a tight budget and was later credited as the father of the Industrial Revolution, after pursuing what at the time looked like a low-return problem. The &#8220;heretics&#8221; Hume and Hutton did the same, in a poor nation with few chairs to win and no prizes telling its thinkers what mattered. Their obsessions ran on their own fuel because there was nothing else to run on. That may be the real answer to how Western Europe&#8217;s poorest nation invented the modern world. I read that from New Brunswick, a province economists tend to file under poor. It hits the right note. It gives me hope that ingenuity is still the right path.</p><p>So let us get back to the Philadelphia math congress, now with my field trip in mind. From what I read about the event, I sense a prevailing mood that AI is making mathematicians feel outdated. I think they have it backwards. AI took the solving. Mathematicians had long handed off the mechanical parts of it, the calculating and the checking; AI just took more of the shooting. Much of the choosing had been handed over long ago, to the committees. The corridor full of string theorists shows how that went.</p><p>What nobody took is the &#8220;finding&#8221;: knowing which question is worth ten years of a life. In this hunt, the mathematicians are the dog. They should now treat AI as their marksman, the one that takes the shot.</p><p>And the AI companies selling these tools are running the oldest domestication program there is: convincing the finder that the shooter is the essential partner. The message is everywhere: AI will beat you at your own research any day now; you are hurting yourself if you do not pay for the subscription; start working through your five stages of grief. All this for a death nobody has confirmed. They run a good obedience school.</p><p>The finders have begun saying so themselves. Two dozen Fields medalists, including Terence Tao, signed a declaration saying problem-solving was only a proxy, and that the companies&#8217; goals were misaligned with theirs. In this story, the dog is starting to notice what the obedience school is for.</p><p>Learning to defer to a partner&#8217;s skill is one of the oldest arrangements we have. That partnership has fed hunters and dogs for ten thousand years. In this social contract, the dog never has to worry about its next meal, and the hunter has to keep learning and updating the way he works with the dog. The partnership is not the danger. The danger is convincing the finder that the hunt can do without it. And that idea is not coming from the marksman; it comes from the technology evangelists who genuinely believe the guided hunt is the only path (for a fee).</p><p>The difference is skin in the game. The hunter walks the field with the dog, eats the same weather, goes home hungry on the same empty days. The evangelist sells the gun and eats either way, as long as you remain a believer and a subscriber.</p><p>People may think I am a good pheasant hunter because they have seen my hunting pictures. Without my pointer, I would starve.</p><p>You do not train a dog to hunt. Pointing is innate. You train the dog to work with a hunter. A useless hunter is the one who does not know how to work with a dog that has all the incentive in the world to find him that bird.</p><p>The dog does not stop pointing because the gun improved.</p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Le grognon pis les wearables]]></title><description><![CDATA[Quand on veut se mesurer, on sait quoi porter.]]></description><link>https://substack.andreleger.com/p/le-grognon-pis-les-wearables</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://substack.andreleger.com/p/le-grognon-pis-les-wearables</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andre Leger]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 09 Sep 2026 11:16:30 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4cC-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78dc02c6-be4b-4175-a4a6-f41191201074_2252x2551.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>La nuit pass&#233;e, je me suis r&#233;veill&#233; avec une douleur au pied. Mon chien de 54 livres &#233;tait couch&#233; dessus, mais ce n&#8217;&#233;tait pas ce genre de douleur. Il &#233;tait 4h08, et je ne me suis pas rendormi, sauf pour quelques tr&#232;s courts moments (de dodo).</p><p>Hier, j&#8217;ai jou&#233; au pickle ball pour la troisi&#232;me fois cet &#233;t&#233;. En couple<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a>, cette fois-ci. J&#8217;ai jou&#233; pendant 1h48. J&#8217;pense en avoir gagn&#233; plus que perdu. On va peut-&#234;tre me corriger.</p><p>Par la suite, je suis all&#233; prendre une marche, j&#8217;ai march&#233; nu-pieds dans un champ, qui &#233;tait pas plus long qu&#8217;un par 4 au golf<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a>. J&#8217;aime marcher nu-pieds, &#231;a pique pis &#231;a chatouille les orteils en m&#234;me temps, mais ce fut une marche assez courte selon les standards &#224; mon &#233;pouse. Une marche de 24 minutes, car nous sommes arr&#234;t&#233;s chez des amis, voir o&#249; ils en &#233;taient rendus avec leur ramassage de la fin de saison estivale. Ils s&#8217;appr&#234;tent &#224; enlever le quai. En bon citoyen de lac, je donne un coup de main. Dur &#224; dire combien de temps qu&#8217;on a pris, mais j&#8217;estime que c&#8217;&#233;tait plus long qu&#8217;&#224; l&#8217;habitude<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a>. J&#8217;ai senti plusieurs cailloux sous mes pieds nus, et l&#8217;eau &#233;tait juste dessous le 70F, que j&#8217;estime.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4cC-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78dc02c6-be4b-4175-a4a6-f41191201074_2252x2551.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4cC-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78dc02c6-be4b-4175-a4a6-f41191201074_2252x2551.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4cC-!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78dc02c6-be4b-4175-a4a6-f41191201074_2252x2551.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4cC-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78dc02c6-be4b-4175-a4a6-f41191201074_2252x2551.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4cC-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78dc02c6-be4b-4175-a4a6-f41191201074_2252x2551.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4cC-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78dc02c6-be4b-4175-a4a6-f41191201074_2252x2551.jpeg" width="2252" height="2551" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/78dc02c6-be4b-4175-a4a6-f41191201074_2252x2551.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2551,&quot;width&quot;:2252,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1851362,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/i/214866797?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb4188dbf-35a5-412a-954f-27fd21c3855e_4000x2252.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4cC-!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78dc02c6-be4b-4175-a4a6-f41191201074_2252x2551.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4cC-!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78dc02c6-be4b-4175-a4a6-f41191201074_2252x2551.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4cC-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78dc02c6-be4b-4175-a4a6-f41191201074_2252x2551.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4cC-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78dc02c6-be4b-4175-a4a6-f41191201074_2252x2551.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Le champ. Pas plus long qu&#8217;un par 4, avec la b&#234;te de 54 livres qui m&#8217;attend.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Ah oui, le mal de pied. Pourquoi j&#8217;ai mal donc? Je ne sais pas trop. Je ne voulais pas r&#233;veiller mon &#233;pouse pour &#231;a, car elle semblait bien dormir, ce qui fut valid&#233; par elle peu apr&#232;s 6h49.</p><p>Je sais. Soit vous me trouvez bizarre avec mes heures pr&#233;cises, soit vous pensez que j&#8217;ai ben des horloges dans ma vie. Mais non. J&#8217;ai m&#234;me pas de montre.</p><p>Mais j&#8217;ai une Oura Ring. Vous savez, une bague biom&#233;trique qui mesure, ou pr&#233;tend mesurer, votre &#233;tat biologique. Et la bague m&#8217;a permis de mesurer mes activit&#233;s avec une pr&#233;cision m&#233;dicale.</p><p>J&#8217;ai commenc&#233; &#224; porter des wearables peu apr&#232;s une chute en v&#233;lo de montagne, o&#249; je me suis disloqu&#233; la clavicule. Je ne donne pas plus de d&#233;tail. Bref, chirurgie, et peu de dodo pour une p&#233;riode d&#8217;environ 3 &#224; 4 mois.</p><p>Savez-vous quoi? J&#8217;avais raison. Je ne dormais pas beaucoup. Preuve &#224; l&#8217;appui, j&#8217;&#233;tais en plein droit d&#8217;&#234;tre grognon &#224; ce moment-l&#224;. Un grognon fatigu&#233;.</p><p>Ce moment-l&#224;, c'&#233;tait le d&#233;but de la sous-traitance de mon &#233;tat d'&#234;tre, pour tenter d'apaiser mon &#233;tat d'&#226;me. Je me l&#232;ve le matin, et je ne me demande plus si j&#8217;ai bien dormi. Je me couche le soir pas si longtemps apr&#232;s avoir mang&#233; un gros steak... ooh la la<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a>. Je le savais en mangeant que mon score allait baisser. Je l&#8217;ai mang&#233; pareil, y&#8217;&#233;tait d&#233;j&#224; pay&#233;.</p><p>Oura a pas cr&#233;&#233; le probl&#232;me. Oura a trouv&#233; son client id&#233;al : un grognon qui veut tout savoir, m&#234;me les affaires qu&#8217;il savait d&#233;j&#224;.</p><p>En tout cas, j'ai mon tableau biom&#233;trique. La bague me donne m&#234;me un score de readiness<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a> chaque matin. Ready. Pr&#234;t. Ready &#224; faire quoi? Au moins, j&#8217;ai plus besoin de me demander comment je vais.</p><p>Mais apr&#232;s tout &#231;a, ma bague ne me dit toujours pas pourquoi j&#8217;ai une douleur au pied. Ma m&#232;re dirait : eille le grognon, r&#233;fl&#233;chis &#224; ce que tu as fait et &#233;coute ton corps<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a>.</p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Jouer au pickle ball en couples, c&#8217;est quatre personnes en tout. Deux couples. Deux mariages sur le m&#234;me terrain, et un des rares endroits que, sans g&#234;ne, on peut faire des &#233;changes en couples, et des &#233;changes de couple; on switchait les &#233;quipes.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Le champ des voisins. Je viens de v&#233;rifier sur Google Maps, et il fait 260 m&#232;tres, bien dans les normes d&#8217;un par 4.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>La face de mon ami m&#8217;a fait savoir que c&#8217;&#233;tait plus long que d&#8217;habitude. Je ne suis pas l&#8217;unique grognon.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Bref, tout le monde qui a une Oura Ring sait qu&#8217;il ne faut pas manger des gros repas 3 h avant de se coucher, sinon les chiffres...</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Le readiness est un des scores de la Oura Ring. Sommeil, activit&#233;, temp&#233;rature, fr&#233;quence cardiaque et quelques autres affaires sont brass&#233;s ensemble pour d&#233;terminer si, suppos&#233;ment, t&#8217;es pr&#234;t pour affronter ta journ&#233;e.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Ma m&#232;re ne dirait pas &#171;eille&#187;.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Le grognon en a assez de l’emmerdification]]></title><description><![CDATA[Un petit texte sur l&#8217;illusion du progr&#232;s technologique.]]></description><link>https://substack.andreleger.com/p/le-grognon-en-a-assez-de-lemmerdification</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://substack.andreleger.com/p/le-grognon-en-a-assez-de-lemmerdification</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andre Leger]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 06 Sep 2026 11:31:09 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6ipK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58aa9b19-0001-4d1b-8ccd-6b87f9709774_4032x3024.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>L&#8217;an pass&#233;, je devais d&#233;placer le Toyota Tundra neuf d&#8217;un ami. Je devais me faire une place pour passer mon chariot &#233;l&#233;vateur. Une belle machine neuve, impressionnante, qui d&#233;bordait de technologie (le truck, pas le lift). &#199;a sentait le nouveau char, pis le vernis frais qu&#8217;on trouve sur les circuits &#233;lectroniques.</p><p>J&#8217;embarque. Je dois reculer le truck de deux pieds. Il y a un obstacle &#224; &#233;viter, fait que je garde la porte du conducteur ouverte pour garder un &#339;il attentionn&#233; sur mon environnement.</p><p>Rien. Le pickup recule pas. Refus. Aucun d&#233;placement possible avec une porte ouverte.</p><p>Je croyais que j&#8217;&#233;tais aux commandes. Je me fais overrider par un algorithme qui fait chauffer le nouveau vernis.</p><p>J&#8217;&#233;tais un peu insult&#233;. Je me sentais en pleine habilit&#233; d&#8217;effectuer la man&#339;uvre: denied.</p><p>&#199;a m&#8217;a fait penser &#224; l&#8217;histoire d&#8217;un autre ami avec son Tundra tout frais. Il &#233;tait dans Rivi&#232;re-Verte<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> avec son camion. Comme tout bon conducteur de pickup, il voulait tester son nouveau v&#233;hicule dans un trou de bou&#232;te bien juteux et brun. Bref, il s&#8217;enlise dans l&#8217;obstacle de terrain. Ha! Rien l&#224;. &#201;quip&#233; d&#8217;un Tundra off-road quatre par quatre, il engage le syst&#232;me &#224; quatre roues motrices sur demande.</p><p>Rien. Denied. Le v&#233;hicule est pas assez stable pour proc&#233;der: pri&#232;re de vous placer sur une surface plane avant de vous d&#233;prendre.</p><p>Ils sont &#224; veille de nous vendre des couteaux pas coupants, pour pr&#233;venir qu&#8217;on se coupe.</p><p>C&#8217;est pas une critique sur les Tundra que j&#8217;&#233;cris aujourd&#8217;hui. Il faut savoir que je suis l&#8217;heureux propri&#233;taire d&#8217;un Tundra 2016. Je salue en passant les employ&#233;s d&#8217;Edmundston Toyota<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a>.</p><p>Mon Tundra &#224; moi: des boutons &#224; roulette, pis le dring dring de ceinture qui arr&#234;te apr&#232;s trente secondes si on s&#8217;attache pas<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a>. Pourquoi je m&#8217;attache pas, vous allez demander. &#199;a vous regarde pas.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6ipK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58aa9b19-0001-4d1b-8ccd-6b87f9709774_4032x3024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6ipK!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58aa9b19-0001-4d1b-8ccd-6b87f9709774_4032x3024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6ipK!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58aa9b19-0001-4d1b-8ccd-6b87f9709774_4032x3024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6ipK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58aa9b19-0001-4d1b-8ccd-6b87f9709774_4032x3024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6ipK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58aa9b19-0001-4d1b-8ccd-6b87f9709774_4032x3024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6ipK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58aa9b19-0001-4d1b-8ccd-6b87f9709774_4032x3024.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/58aa9b19-0001-4d1b-8ccd-6b87f9709774_4032x3024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:15297360,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/i/214333165?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58aa9b19-0001-4d1b-8ccd-6b87f9709774_4032x3024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6ipK!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58aa9b19-0001-4d1b-8ccd-6b87f9709774_4032x3024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6ipK!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58aa9b19-0001-4d1b-8ccd-6b87f9709774_4032x3024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6ipK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58aa9b19-0001-4d1b-8ccd-6b87f9709774_4032x3024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6ipK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F58aa9b19-0001-4d1b-8ccd-6b87f9709774_4032x3024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Seule photo de mon pickup que j&#8217;ai trouv&#233;e.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Ok, je sors de ma chronique automobile pour vous parler du c&#339;ur du sujet qui me fait grogner derni&#232;rement. Vous me voyez venir, mais je vais vous surprendre.</p><p>Je vais &#234;tre cru: enshittification<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a> des produits pis des services. L&#8217;emmerdification.</p><p>Vous vous souvenez des Bougon<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a>, la famille dans le monde imaginaire de Fran&#231;ois Avard qui vivait du syst&#232;me en le contournant par toutes les craques. Ils m&#8217;ont laiss&#233; une th&#233;orie. Ma th&#233;orie du Bougon: ceux qui ont rien &#224; offrir au syst&#232;me sont toujours ceux qui le comprennent le mieux. Parce qu&#8217;ils l&#8217;analysent pas pour y contribuer. Ils l&#8217;analysent pour le contourner.</p><p>Le bougon perd pas de temps &#224; chi&#226;ler. Il cherche la craque. Il s&#8217;annonce pas.</p><p>Le grognon, lui, lit le syst&#232;me parce que c&#8217;est lui qui le finance. Il chi&#226;le, mais il paye ses factures pareil. Vous voyez, je paye encore le c&#226;ble. Aujourd&#8217;hui, je pointe du doigt la nouvelle tendance du monde corporatif d&#8217;&#234;tre les nouveaux Bougons.</p><p>Je m&#8217;imagine le board meeting<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a> o&#249; l&#8217;ex&#233;cutif montre un PowerPoint que la business ferait plus d&#8217;argent si elle prenait les clients en otage. Fini le niaisage.</p><p>Ils analysent pas le client pour le servir. Ils l&#8217;analysent pour le contourner. Ma th&#233;orie du Bougon, mot pour mot. Sauf que le bougon, asteure, il a des avocats.</p><p>La vraie raison derri&#232;re les algorithmes des Tundra, pis des autres? La s&#233;curit&#233;, peut-&#234;tre. Mais pas juste la v&#244;tre. Surtout la leur, j&#8217;imagine. Un recul porte ouverte qui tourne mal, c&#8217;est une poursuite. Un quatre par quatre engag&#233; dans la bou&#232;te, pis on est trop dur sur la machine, c&#8217;est une r&#233;clamation de garantie. Pr&#233;venir la bavure &#224; la source, &#231;a co&#251;te rien &#224; programmer. Vous faire confiance, &#231;a, &#231;a co&#251;te un proc&#232;s. Donc, ils calibrent le char pour le conducteur le plus cave de la flotte<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-7" href="#footnote-7" target="_self">7</a>, pis vous h&#233;ritez des limites con&#231;ues pour emp&#234;cher celui-ci d&#8217;atteindre son potentiel de cavitude. &#199;a m&#8217;am&#232;nerait &#224; ma th&#233;orie du cave: t&#8217;as beau tenter de l&#8217;emp&#234;cher, il va toujours trouver une autre fa&#231;on de le prouver. Bref, je m&#8217;&#233;gare.</p><p>Le client peut &#234;tre des fois une proie facile. Vous voyez, mon album pr&#233;f&#233;r&#233; de ma jeunesse, je l&#8217;ai achet&#233; en vinyle, pis la cassette, pis le CD, pis l&#8217;abonnement Spotify, pis derni&#232;rement... le vinyle.</p><p>Le vinyle, au moins, je l&#8217;ai voulu. Je suis coupable de contribuer &#224; la folie, je dois avouer.</p><p>QuickBooks, eux autres, ils m&#8217;ont pas demand&#233;. J&#8217;avais le logiciel sur mon ordi. Local, rapide, pay&#233; une shot. &#192; moi.</p><p>C&#8217;est fini, &#231;a. Asteure, c&#8217;est un abonnement. Un prix par ann&#233;e. Online.</p><p>Ils ont pas am&#233;lior&#233; l&#8217;outil. Ils ont chang&#233; la serrure: j&#8217;&#233;tais propri&#233;taire, pis ils m&#8217;ont forc&#233; &#224; devenir un locataire.</p><p>Adobe<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-8" href="#footnote-8" target="_self">8</a>, eux autres, ont fait mieux. J&#8217;ai fait le free trial d&#8217;une semaine, pis j&#8217;ai d&#233;cid&#233; d&#8217;y aller un mois de plus payant. Tiens, je vais canceller tout de suite, que je me dis, pour que &#231;a arr&#234;te &#224; la fin du mois pis que j&#8217;y pense plus. J&#8217;avais pay&#233; jusqu&#8217;au 10 ao&#251;t. Leur &#233;cran d&#8217;annulation me dit qu&#8217;il me reste 26 jours, pis il me les enl&#232;ve dans la m&#234;me phrase: votre abonnement va finir imm&#233;diatement. Ils ont &#233;crit le rappel pis le vol dans la m&#234;me bo&#238;te de dialogue.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9sBz!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec5d8310-4961-4058-8797-8d2d6f054b27_1066x1258.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9sBz!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec5d8310-4961-4058-8797-8d2d6f054b27_1066x1258.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9sBz!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec5d8310-4961-4058-8797-8d2d6f054b27_1066x1258.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9sBz!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec5d8310-4961-4058-8797-8d2d6f054b27_1066x1258.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9sBz!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec5d8310-4961-4058-8797-8d2d6f054b27_1066x1258.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9sBz!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec5d8310-4961-4058-8797-8d2d6f054b27_1066x1258.png" width="1066" height="1258" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ec5d8310-4961-4058-8797-8d2d6f054b27_1066x1258.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1258,&quot;width&quot;:1066,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:195888,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/i/214333165?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec5d8310-4961-4058-8797-8d2d6f054b27_1066x1258.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9sBz!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec5d8310-4961-4058-8797-8d2d6f054b27_1066x1258.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9sBz!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec5d8310-4961-4058-8797-8d2d6f054b27_1066x1258.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9sBz!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec5d8310-4961-4058-8797-8d2d6f054b27_1066x1258.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9sBz!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fec5d8310-4961-4058-8797-8d2d6f054b27_1066x1258.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Capture d&#8217;&#233;cran de ma publication sur X exprimant mon m&#233;contentement.</figcaption></figure></div><p></p><p>QuickBooks, apr&#232;s Adobe, apr&#232;s Office, apr&#232;s... tout.</p><p>Au d&#233;part, les grosses compagnies de bi&#232;re vous donnaient une casquette pour vous convaincre d&#8217;acheter leur bi&#232;re. C&#8217;&#233;tait du marketing. Asteure, la cha&#238;ne de restaurants se fait payer pour donner l&#8217;exclusivit&#233;. Le meilleur produit gagne peut-&#234;tre. Peut-&#234;tre pas. Le client, lui, a juste moins de choix.</p><p>L&#8217;emmerdification commence quelque part l&#224;: quand c&#8217;est pus le produit qui doit &#234;tre meilleur. C&#8217;est le syst&#232;me autour qui doit vous emp&#234;cher de dire non.</p><p>Le bougon cherchait la craque dans le syst&#232;me. Eux autres, ils la cherchent dans le client.</p><p>On parle des plateformes, mais l&#8217;emmerdification touche &#224; toute. Les chars<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-9" href="#footnote-9" target="_self">9</a>, les lave-vaisselles, les imprimantes. Ok, je viens de trouver de quoi qui a toujours &#233;t&#233; merdique: les imprimantes.</p><p>Pis l&#224;, le boutte le plus fort. Les financiers de la tech<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-10" href="#footnote-10" target="_self">10</a> viennent nous expliquer que l&#8217;emmerdification, c&#8217;est peut-&#234;tre nous autres qui l&#8217;imaginons. Disons qu&#8217;ils pr&#234;chent pour leur paroisse. Regardez les chiffres, qu&#8217;ils disent. Le monde est encore l&#224;. Il utilise encore les plateformes. Il passe encore du temps dessus.</p><p>Autrement dit, dans ma langue &#224; moi: vous restez, donc vous devez aimer &#231;a.</p><p>Je reste pas avec QuickBooks parce que je suis satisfait. Je reste parce que j&#8217;ai des d&#233;cennies de comptabilit&#233; dedans, pis ils ont achet&#233; leurs comp&#233;titeurs entre-temps.</p><p>Pis si la plateforme vous servait mieux avant, peut-&#234;tre que c&#8217;est juste vous qui avez vieilli. Ils ont m&#234;me un nom pour &#231;a: le narcissisme de plateforme.</p><p>Si vous aimez pas &#231;a, d&#233;sinstallez. Votez avec votre pouce.</p><p>C&#8217;est l&#224; que j&#8217;ai compris jusqu&#8217;o&#249; ma th&#233;orie du Bougon pouvait aller.</p><p>Le bougon contourne le syst&#232;me. Le syst&#232;me, lui, a appris &#224; contourner le client.</p><p>Pis apr&#232;s, il lui explique que s&#8217;il est pas content, c&#8217;est probablement parce qu&#8217;il est grognon.</p><p>Pendant que je chi&#226;lais contre le syst&#232;me, lui, il apprenait &#224; me contourner.</p><p>Je paye encore QuickBooks. Faut ben que je fasse ma comptabilit&#233;.</p><p>Je suis un grognon, pas un bougon.</p><p></p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Rivi&#232;re-Verte, on dit aller dans Rivi&#232;re-Varte, un secteur forestier o&#249; le monde du Nord-Ouest du Nouveau-Brunswick aime aller se promener pis se loger durant la saison des jeans pis des chemises &#224; carreaux. Ne pas confondre avec aller &#224; Rivi&#232;re-Verte, un village qui fait maintenant partie d'Edmundston.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Je salue aussi les amis du Violette Motors (Ford), du G &amp; M Chevrolet (GM), Honda, Hyundai, Kia. Edmundston est une petite ville.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Sur le v&#233;hicule de mon &#233;pouse, le dring dring monte &#224; 120 d&#233;cibels apr&#232;s douze secondes, pis il appelle la police apr&#232;s vingt-cinq.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Le mot original, enshittification, vient de l&#8217;&#233;crivain Cory Doctorow, en 2022. Les Fran&#231;ais ont traduit poliment.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p><em>Les Bougon, c&#8217;est aussi &#231;a la vie!</em> Radio-Canada, 2004 &#224; 2006. Fran&#231;ois Avard pis Jean-Fran&#231;ois Mercier. Une t&#233;l&#233;s&#233;rie mordante qui a laiss&#233; sa marque.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Dans Fight Club (1999), le narrateur travaille pour un constructeur automobile. Sa job: appliquer la formule du rappel. Prenez le nombre de v&#233;hicules d&#233;fectueux, multipliez par le co&#251;t probable des r&#232;glements hors cour. Si le total est plus petit que le co&#251;t du rappel, pas de rappel. Il explique &#231;a &#224; sa voisine d&#8217;avion, calmement.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-7" href="#footnote-anchor-7" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">7</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>En 2018, des jeunes se filmaient en train de croquer des capsules de savon. Le d&#233;fi Tide Pod. Du vrai monde, des vraies hospitalisations. Tide a d&#251; mettre un avertissement sur sa bo&#238;te: ne pas manger.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-8" href="#footnote-anchor-8" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">8</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>J&#8217;ai racont&#233; l&#8217;affaire de la bo&#238;te de dialogue &#224; Adobe sur X, en juillet, capture d&#8217;&#233;cran &#224; l&#8217;appui. Pas de r&#233;ponse. Le gouvernement am&#233;ricain, lui, les avait d&#233;j&#224; poursuivis en 2024 pour leurs frais d&#8217;annulation cach&#233;s. Dans les documents de cour, un de leurs ex&#233;cutifs comparait ces frais-l&#224; &#224; de l&#8217;h&#233;ro&#239;ne pour la compagnie. Son mot, pas le mien. &#199;a a fini par un r&#232;glement de 150 millions, en mars. Ma bo&#238;te de dialogue, elle, date de juillet.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-9" href="#footnote-anchor-9" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">9</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>GM pr&#233;voit se faire jusqu&#8217;&#224; 25 milliards par ann&#233;e en logiciels pis services d&#8217;ici 2030. Pas en chars. Leur &#233;tude dit que vous payeriez 135 piasses par mois pour des fonctions dans un char que vous avez d&#233;j&#224; pay&#233;. C&#8217;est pas de la fiction: BMW a essay&#233; les bancs chauffants &#224; 18 piasses par mois, le mat&#233;riel d&#233;j&#224; install&#233; dans le char. Le monde a vir&#233; fou, ils ont recul&#233;. Pis ils ont recommenc&#233; avec la cam&#233;ra 360. Mercedes, eux autres, d&#233;bloquent de la puissance moteur pour des frais annuels. Le moteur est l&#224;. Il attend votre carte de cr&#233;dit.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-10" href="#footnote-anchor-10" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">10</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Publi&#233; par a16z, septembre 2026.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[La genèse du grognon]]></title><description><![CDATA[Un petit texte sur d'o&#249; &#231;a vient, un grognon. &#199;a prend du monde pour te montrer comment.]]></description><link>https://substack.andreleger.com/p/la-genese-du-grognon</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://substack.andreleger.com/p/la-genese-du-grognon</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andre Leger]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 30 Aug 2026 14:07:49 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UT3k!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b6b6781-95cf-4a78-b39e-ab08656dd525_768x552.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>On ne devient pas grognon comme &#231;a. &#199;a prend de l&#8217;exp&#233;rience. La preuve : quand les jeunes grognent, on dit qu&#8217;ils chi&#226;lent. Apr&#232;s, on dit d&#8217;eux qu&#8217;ils n&#8217;appr&#233;cient pas leurs privil&#232;ges. Le grognonnage, &#231;a se m&#233;rite.</p><p>Tr&#232;s jeune, en pr&#233;sence de mon grand-p&#232;re maternel, Hector, c&#8217;&#233;tait impossible pour moi d&#8217;&#234;tre impertinent. On ne le disait pas grognon, on le disait &#171; opini&#226;tr&#233; &#187;. Aujourd&#8217;hui, on dirait qu&#8217;il avait plein de pr&#233;jug&#233;s. Il avait fait ses jugements d&#8217;avance sur &#224; peu pr&#232;s tous les sujets. Il avait une opinion sur tout, pis tu pouvais facilement glisser sur sa mauvaise liste. Parle pas de politique. Un mot mal plac&#233; : sur la liste. Une voiture noire? Trop salissant, sur la liste.</p><p>Il faut croire que son point de vue sur les voitures noires, je le partageais pas pantoute, car dans ma vie, j&#8217;ai achet&#233; trois v&#233;hicules noirs. Faut noter que je l&#8217;ai pas fait de son vivant. Pis je suis d&#8217;opinion ferme que sa liste s&#8217;est assouplie depuis qu&#8217;il la g&#232;re du haut-de-l&#224;.</p><p>Hector avait pas de temps &#224; perdre. Il avait tous ces journaux &#224; lire, ses nouvelles &#224; regarder, et bien s&#251;r voir ce qui passait dans la rue. C'&#233;tait donc une job &#224; plein temps, avec sa maison qui &#233;tait plant&#233;e devant la polyvalente Louis-J-Robichaud, sur la Main de Shediac. Sa t&#233;l&#233;vision en coin, son Times &amp; Transcript sur la table et la fen&#234;tre d'en avant pour le reste. On disait aussi qu'il lisait l'All&#244; Police<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a>, pis que le tablo&#239;de &#233;tait cach&#233; sous le couch, de peur que les yeux vierges en visite soient corrompus. Il avait sa propre fen&#234;tre sur le monde.</p><p>Il &#233;tait p&#232;re de onze enfants, &#233;parpill&#233;s dans l&#8217;est de l&#8217;Am&#233;rique du Nord. Lui, il a jamais eu besoin de bouger. La Main, c&#8217;&#233;tait son nombril du monde. Les enfants faisaient la visite dans le salon, pour la plupart insensibles aux crit&#232;res de la liste. Grand-maman le laissait faire avec ses opinions. En fait, elle les ignorait, jusqu&#8217;au moment o&#249; &#231;a l&#8217;impliquait. L&#224;, c&#8217;&#233;tait l&#8217;impasse, pis il avait aucune chance.</p><p>Mon grand-p&#232;re paternel, Wilfred, dit Fredd&#233;, restait au Cap de Cocagne. Il &#233;tait p&#234;cheur de homard, comme son fr&#232;re Andr&#233;, mon grand-oncle, qui vivait avec eux autres. Oncle Andr&#233;, c'&#233;tait un vrai grognon, un vieux gar&#231;on pis toute. Un homme de peu de parole, vaillant, robuste. Je les ai jamais connus p&#234;cheurs. Ils &#233;taient retrait&#233;s de la p&#234;che depuis longtemps, les deux. Mais ils ont jamais arr&#234;t&#233; de travailler.</p><p>Au Cap de Cocagne, la communaut&#233; appelait leur maison &#171; la maison blanche &#187;. C&#8217;&#233;tait le pit stop du gossip dans ce milieu rural. C'&#233;tait une vieille maison construite &#224; la fin des ann&#233;es 1800, pis &#233;videmment assez loin de l'&#233;cole pour que mon p&#232;re ait besoin de marcher cinq milles dans la neige. Les L&#233;ger &#233;taient d&#233;j&#224; au Cap cinq, six g&#233;n&#233;rations avant mon p&#232;re. C&#8217;est ce qu&#8217;on m&#8217;a cont&#233;, pis je vais me faire corriger si je me trompe. Mon p&#232;re &#233;tait adolescent quand ils ont eu l&#8217;&#233;lectricit&#233;. Moi, j&#8217;&#233;tais adolescent, pis ils avaient encore un party line pour t&#233;l&#233;phone<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UT3k!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b6b6781-95cf-4a78-b39e-ab08656dd525_768x552.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UT3k!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b6b6781-95cf-4a78-b39e-ab08656dd525_768x552.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UT3k!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b6b6781-95cf-4a78-b39e-ab08656dd525_768x552.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UT3k!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b6b6781-95cf-4a78-b39e-ab08656dd525_768x552.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UT3k!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b6b6781-95cf-4a78-b39e-ab08656dd525_768x552.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UT3k!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b6b6781-95cf-4a78-b39e-ab08656dd525_768x552.jpeg" width="768" height="552" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4b6b6781-95cf-4a78-b39e-ab08656dd525_768x552.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:552,&quot;width&quot;:768,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:42395,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/i/213281412?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b6b6781-95cf-4a78-b39e-ab08656dd525_768x552.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UT3k!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b6b6781-95cf-4a78-b39e-ab08656dd525_768x552.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UT3k!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b6b6781-95cf-4a78-b39e-ab08656dd525_768x552.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UT3k!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b6b6781-95cf-4a78-b39e-ab08656dd525_768x552.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UT3k!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4b6b6781-95cf-4a78-b39e-ab08656dd525_768x552.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Cinq g&#233;n&#233;rations, p&#232;re en fils. Le dernier, c'est mon fr&#232;re a&#238;n&#233;.</figcaption></figure></div><p>La maison blanche, c'&#233;tait le Facebook du temps. Le monde arr&#234;tait, les nouvelles rentraient, le monde repartait avec le gossip. L'All&#244; Police tra&#238;nait sur la table de cuisine : le gossip local pis le crime de Montr&#233;al &#224; la m&#234;me place. J'ai regard&#233; &#231;a une fois, pis j&#8217;ai compris pourquoi les gens ici avaient peur de la grande ville. </p><p>De l&#8217;autre clan, Hector, lui, faisait comme s'il &#233;tait sur Twitter<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a> avec ses phrases. Des verdicts, pas de conversation. Sa liste, c'&#233;tait sa liste de blocage.</p><p>Du c&#244;t&#233; de la maison blanche, pourtant, mes grands-parents avaient pas l&#8217;air du type gossipeux. Comme moi, j&#8217;ai pas l&#8217;air du type qui &#233;crit sur Substack.</p><p>Je passais mes &#233;t&#233;s au Cap de Cocagne, de la Saint-Jean-Baptiste jusqu'au d&#233;but ao&#251;t. On partait toujours avant la p&#234;che du homard dans le sud-est, &#224; mon grand chagrin. Mais on retournait &#224; Montr&#233;al juste apr&#232;s les hirondelles, que je voyais se pr&#233;parer pour le d&#233;part sur les lignes &#233;lectriques.</p><p>Moi, j&#8217;&#233;tais le petit gars de la grande ville qui connaissait tout, pis savait rien. Je me souviens d&#8217;avoir demand&#233; &#224; oncle Andr&#233; c&#8217;&#233;tait quoi, le plant qui fleurissait en blanc, sur ce qui me semblait dix rangs ben align&#233;s. &#171; Des patates &#187;, qu&#8217;il m&#8217;a r&#233;pondu, d&#8217;un air d&#233;courag&#233;. Moi, le p&#8217;tit gars qui mangeait de la poutine &#224; Montr&#233;al, pis d&#8217;la poutine r&#226;p&#233;e au Cap, je savais pas d&#8217;o&#249; venait l&#8217;ingr&#233;dient principal. Pour le monde de la ville, les l&#233;gumes pis la viande, &#231;a vient du magasin.</p><p>Y avait rien de hobby l&#224;-dedans. C&#8217;&#233;tait de la subsistance. Pas des gentlemen farmers. Les dix rangs, c&#8217;&#233;tait le manger de l&#8217;hiver, gard&#233; dans la cave &#224; patates. Une cave que j&#8217;ai jamais eu le courage de visiter. Je m&#8217;imaginais attraper une maladie de champignon. Je blague. Un peu.</p><p>Un petit apart&#233; : toute ma jeunesse, jusqu&#8217;&#224; l&#8217;&#233;criture de ce texte, j&#8217;ai cru que l&#8217;eau chaude du d&#233;troit de Northumberland venait du Gulf Stream. Je disais &#231;a &#224; qui voulait l&#8217;&#233;couter. En fait, c&#8217;est juste que le d&#233;troit est pas creux. Vous voyez, j&#8217;ai fait mes recherches.</p><p>Mon grand-p&#232;re Fredd&#233;, lui, &#233;tait plus effac&#233;. Il regardait ce qui se passait. Ses oreilles moins bonnes lui donnaient une porte de sortie. Sa femme, ma grand-m&#232;re, c&#8217;&#233;tait le contraire : elle pouvait te corriger une situation avec quelques phrases dites en CAPS LOCK. Pis quand le d&#233;saccord &#233;tait sur les faits, elle sortait ses livres. Elle y inscrivait tous les &#233;v&#233;nements, avec la date. Ses captures d&#8217;&#233;cran &#224; elle.</p><p>&#192; la veille de son soixanti&#232;me anniversaire de mariage, Fredd&#233; est tomb&#233; en bas du fa&#238;te<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a> de la grange. Pas de la shed. De la grange. Une couple de c&#244;tes cass&#233;es, il s&#8217;est mordu la langue ben correct. Faut &#234;tre fait tough. Pourquoi il &#233;tait mont&#233; sur le fa&#238;te? Parce qu&#8217;il fallait. C&#8217;&#233;tait pas pour prendre un selfie.</p><p>Mais faites-vous pas d&#8217;id&#233;e sur le silence d&#8217;Andr&#233; pis de Fredd&#233;. Le grognon, c&#8217;est pas un gars qui parle pas. C&#8217;est un gars qui a pas encore parl&#233;. Quand la mood &#233;tait right, le duo partait. C'&#233;tait des conteurs incroyables. Ils sortaient l'histoire du skunk dans le poulailler, ou la fois qu'ils ont &#233;t&#233; &#224; l'&#233;glise en carriole, pis que le cheval a eu le corps lousse<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a>. Des histoires racont&#233;es des milliers de fois, embellies selon le public. Je le sais, j&#8217;ai vu la face &#224; ma grand-m&#232;re. Un duo qui semblait donner une performance devant cinq cents personnes, mais on &#233;tait peut-&#234;tre dix dans la cuisine, &#224; c&#244;t&#233; du po&#234;le. En passant, je dis po&#234;le, mais c&#8217;&#233;tait une cuisini&#232;re au bois. Ma grand-m&#232;re se servait presque jamais de sa cuisini&#232;re &#233;lectrique. Pourquoi? Je l&#8217;ai jamais su. Je sais que mon fr&#232;re a&#238;n&#233; va me r&#233;pondre suite &#224; la lecture de ce texte<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a>.</p><p>Quand on parle d&#8217;un grognon, on tombe dans le clich&#233;. Bon, y&#233; pas encore content. Mais moi, je suis un m&#233;lange de tout &#231;a. Je chi&#226;le constructif. J&#8217;ai des pr&#233;jug&#233;s pour me sauver du temps. Pis je conte des histoires que le monde a d&#233;j&#224; entendues, surtout quand je prends un verre de vin avec mon chum JF, pis qu&#8217;il y a un public otage. Demandez &#224; mon &#233;pouse.</p><p>Le vrai grognon de la famille, lui, s&#8217;appelait Andr&#233;.</p><p>Facebook pis Twitter ont rien invent&#233;. Ils ont juste chang&#233; la plateforme, pis la grandeur de l&#8217;auditoire.</p><p></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>All&#244; Police : le journal des morts violentes que beaucoup de monde lisait, pis que personne admettait lire.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Le party line : une ligne de t&#233;l&#233;phone partag&#233;e entre voisins. Chaque r&#233;sidence avait son &#171; dring &#187; personnalis&#233;. En d&#233;crochant doucement, on pouvait &#233;couter les autres. &#199;a se faisait, pis &#231;a se savait. Le groupe chat sans que tu sois annonc&#233;.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Twitter s&#8217;appelle X maintenant. Who cares.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Le fa&#238;te : le sommet du toit. Pis une grange de m&#234;me, &#231;a monte &#224; 25, 30 pieds. J&#8217;ai faite le calcul.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Corps lousse : &#231;a veut probablement dire ce que vous pensez. Sinon, pensez &#224; quelqu&#8217;un qui est all&#233; &#224; Cuba pour la premi&#232;re fois.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>La r&#233;ponse du fr&#232;re a&#238;n&#233; : le po&#234;le &#224; bois, c&#8217;&#233;tait pour le pain. Fredd&#233; aimait pas le go&#251;t quand c&#8217;&#233;tait cuit &#224; l&#8217;&#233;lectricit&#233;. Elle faisait la poutine r&#226;p&#233;e aussi sur le po&#234;le &#224; bois.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Le grognon regarde les nouvelles]]></title><description><![CDATA[Petit texte d&#8217;un grognon pis ses nouvelles. On peut regarder sans &#233;couter.]]></description><link>https://substack.andreleger.com/p/le-grognon-regarde-les-nouvelles</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://substack.andreleger.com/p/le-grognon-regarde-les-nouvelles</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andre Leger]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 27 Aug 2026 15:18:38 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XR45!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7596a7f8-dadc-4722-bb08-039ab1acde3e_1672x941.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>J&#8217;m&#8217;avais d&#233;branch&#233; des nouvelles sur la TV. D&#233;brancher, c&#8217;est juste une expression: je paye encore le c&#226;ble, le forfait minimal premium, semblerait. Je parle donc de l&#8217;attention que j&#8217;accorde au moyen &#233;cran<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a>.</p><p>Mais quand les affaires vont mal, faut se rebrancher. Rendu l&#224;, je suis old school: les nouvelles, &#231;a se passe sur la TV. Les jeunes diraient plut&#244;t Boomer Adjacent. Bof. Malgr&#233; que, vu les annonces qui y passent, la TV semble elle aussi me classer dans le public mature et averti.</p><p>N&#8217;emp&#234;che, il faut &#234;tre inform&#233;, qu&#8217;on se dit. C&#8217;est un devoir de citoyen, et j&#8217;ai vu sur les r&#233;seaux sociaux que plusieurs avaient fait leurs devoirs. On se dit ben des affaires.</p><p>Fait que me v&#8217;l&#224; devant les nouvelles.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XR45!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7596a7f8-dadc-4722-bb08-039ab1acde3e_1672x941.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XR45!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7596a7f8-dadc-4722-bb08-039ab1acde3e_1672x941.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XR45!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7596a7f8-dadc-4722-bb08-039ab1acde3e_1672x941.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XR45!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7596a7f8-dadc-4722-bb08-039ab1acde3e_1672x941.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XR45!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7596a7f8-dadc-4722-bb08-039ab1acde3e_1672x941.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XR45!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7596a7f8-dadc-4722-bb08-039ab1acde3e_1672x941.png" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7596a7f8-dadc-4722-bb08-039ab1acde3e_1672x941.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1818384,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/i/213009133?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7596a7f8-dadc-4722-bb08-039ab1acde3e_1672x941.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XR45!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7596a7f8-dadc-4722-bb08-039ab1acde3e_1672x941.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XR45!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7596a7f8-dadc-4722-bb08-039ab1acde3e_1672x941.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XR45!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7596a7f8-dadc-4722-bb08-039ab1acde3e_1672x941.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XR45!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7596a7f8-dadc-4722-bb08-039ab1acde3e_1672x941.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">G&#233;n&#233;r&#233; par l&#8217;IA. Vous le saviez.</figcaption></figure></div><p>J&#8217;entends le premier ministre, en conf&#233;rence de presse, insinuer que nos anciens excellents partenaires commerciaux voulaient attaquer les Canadiens fran&#231;ais. Apr&#232;s, j&#8217;entends l&#8217;&#233;cho du pr&#233;tendant premier ministre qui veut voir la preuve.</p><p>On est pas dans la m&#234;me &#233;quipe, l&#224; l&#224;?</p><p>Quand j&#8217;&#233;tais plus jeune, on parlait des spin doctors. Pas la band de two-hit wonder, mais les strat&#232;ges en communication: des professionnels pay&#233;s pour prendre une affaire croche pis la pr&#233;senter de son bon c&#244;t&#233;.</p><p>Un bon politicien faisait pas de gaffe, il se faisait prendre hors contexte. Les femmes en politique, elles, se faisaient critiquer, peu importe. Un cheveu mal plac&#233;, et vlan! Demandez &#224; Hillary, Sheila, Kim, Pauline et les autres.</p><p>Bref, on le savait. Tout le monde le savait. Une bonne dose de cynisme nous inoculait contre les choses ridicules qu&#8217;ils d&#233;fendaient. On haussait les &#233;paules, on disait &#171;ben oui, ben oui&#187;, pis on continuait &#224; souper.</p><p>Le mensonge avait ses limites. Pis on connaissait les limites. En tout cas, c&#8217;est de m&#234;me que je m&#8217;en rappelle.</p><p>Maintenant, c&#8217;est plus pareil. Le politicien &#224; la cravate rouge trop longue devant la cam&#233;ra te regarde dans les yeux pis il te dit que t&#8217;as pas vu ce que t&#8217;as vu. Que t&#8217;as pas entendu ce que t&#8217;as entendu.</p><p>&#192; force, tu finis presque par te demander si c&#8217;est toi qui es dur de comprenure. Ou si c&#8217;est toi qui te rappelles mal.</p><p>Moi, jeune citoyen inform&#233;, je me rappelais d&#8217;avoir regard&#233; CNN pendant la guerre du Golfe. Operation Desert Storm. Plant&#233; devant la TV, les missiles, le ciel vert au-dessus de Bagdad. La destruction en boucle. Colin Powell dans son heure de gloire, le General Schwarzkopf en contr&#244;le. C&#8217;est le moment qui a mis CNN sur la map, pis j&#8217;&#233;tais l&#224; pour le voir. Apr&#232;s &#231;a, on voyait CNN partout: &#224; l&#8217;a&#233;roport, au resto, chez le barbier.</p><p>Sauf que non.</p><p>Je viens d&#8217;y repenser, pis mon beau souvenir tient pas deboutte. En janvier 91, j&#8217;&#233;tais en voyage de CEGEP en R&#233;publique dominicaine. Un h&#244;tel deux &#233;toiles et quart. Le quart, c&#8217;est parce qu&#8217;on &#233;tait &#224; un quart de mile de la plage. On faisait le party avec Ricky Dee<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a>, que personne n&#8217;avait invit&#233;, mais qui &#233;tait l&#224; pareil. Pis la guerre, elle jouait dans les bars de Sos&#250;a, sur des TV accroch&#233;es derri&#232;re le bar, au-dessus des bouteilles.</p><p>Je la regardais pas. Ben... oui, je regardais. Mais la musique d&#8217;ambiance prenait le dessus: BOUM-tcha-BOUM-tcha...<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a></p><p>Trente-cinq ans plus tard, dans ma t&#234;te, j&#8217;&#233;tais assis dans un salon devant CNN. Le montage s&#8217;&#233;tait fait tout seul. Au moins, c&#8217;est moi qui l&#8217;ai attrap&#233;. Mais vous savez ce que je veux dire.</p><p>Fait que l&#224;, va falloir que je trouve un autre exemple. Allez-y donc &#224; ma place si vous &#234;tes si fins.</p><p>Vous &#233;tiez o&#249;, vraiment?</p><p>Vous regardiez, ou &#231;a jouait dans la pi&#232;ce?</p><p>Pis pendant que je songeais &#224; &#231;a, aux nouvelles, le gars &#224; la grande cravate parlait encore. Ma t&#234;te me joue d&#233;j&#224; des tours toute seule avec mes souvenirs. Imagine quand toute une troupe est pay&#233;e pour l&#8217;aider. Figurants, d&#233;cors, mise en sc&#232;ne. Pis quand le boss se fait prendre, il crie fake news<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a>, pis tout le monde conna&#238;t sa ligne.</p><p>Gilles Latulipe doit se retourner dans sa tombe<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a>.</p><p>Je suis tellement tann&#233; du monde qui veut nous gaslighter que j'ai le go&#251;t d'aller dans mon char pis filmer ma rage. Avec le d&#233;troit d'Hormuz bloqu&#233;, ils vont-tu finir par manquer de gaz, ces gaslighters?</p><p>Mais me filmer dans mon char? Je voudrais pas me faire accuser de voler le personnage &#224; Patrick Huard<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a>. Je l&#8217;ai peut-&#234;tre fait, mais je le mettrai pas en ligne. J&#8217;ai rat&#233; mon rendez-vous chez le barbier ce mois-ci.</p><p>La vraie raison, chu pas sur TikTok.</p><p>Fait que j&#8217;ai ferm&#233; la TV.</p><p>Je voulais me rebrancher aux nouvelles. J&#8217;ai fini par douter de la r&#233;alit&#233;.</p><p>Le c&#226;ble, lui? Je continue de payer.</p><p></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>J&#8217;ai rebaptis&#233; ce qui &#233;tait le petit &#233;cran, la TV, en moyen &#233;cran. Le portable, plus petit, prend le titre. Le grand &#233;cran, le cin&#233;ma, demeure, mais ne montre que des films de superh&#233;ros.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Ricky Dee: animateur de radio diffus&#233; partout au Qu&#233;bec. Bandana et m&#232;ches blondes. En 91, il faisait sauter les subwoofers du Qu&#233;bec en mixant du Technotronic entre deux pubs de cassettes Maxell. &#192; ne pas confondre avec Rick Dees, l&#224; &#231;a serait vraiment bizarre.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>C&#8217;est le beat que je me souviens pis qui jouait tout le temps: <em>Twice My Age</em>, Shabba Ranks pis Krystal. Ne perdez pas votre temps, c&#8217;est pas vraiment bon. Pire que <em>Haut les mains</em>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Fake news: leur safeword. Quand la mise en sc&#232;ne ne tient plus, on change le sc&#233;nario. Googlez &#171;Sharpiegate&#187;.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Ok les jeunes. Le th&#233;&#226;tre d&#8217;&#233;t&#233;: des granges, des com&#233;dies l&#233;g&#232;res et frivoles, des &#233;t&#233;s de vacances. Gilles Latulipe en &#233;tait le roi incontest&#233; au Qu&#233;bec. RIP.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Patrick Huard: humoriste et acteur qu&#233;b&#233;cois. Son personnage de Rogatien, chauffeur de taxi grande gueule dans <em>Taxi 0-22</em>, avait d&#233;j&#224; perfectionn&#233; l&#8217;art de sacrer apr&#232;s le monde dans un char.</p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Le Grognon du Party]]></title><description><![CDATA[Petit texte d'une soir&#233;e d'ao&#251;t. On peut rester sur le bord &#224; juger, ou aller danser.]]></description><link>https://substack.andreleger.com/p/le-grognon-du-party</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://substack.andreleger.com/p/le-grognon-du-party</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andre Leger]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 16 Aug 2026 12:49:56 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TDJM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52db5678-0261-4bd4-be31-039685b84333_4032x2268.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Un party au lac, dehors, un samedi soir. On l&#8217;avait mis sur le th&#232;me ann&#233;es 80. Mets-toi un costume, y va y avoir d&#8217;la musique live dans le tapis. Du monde jeune, du monde plus vieux, pis du monde entre les deux. Mais j&#8217;ai pas de linge des ann&#233;es 80 dans mes valises.</p><p>Pas grave. J&#8217;&#233;tais ado dans les ann&#233;es 80, je portais d&#233;j&#224; des t-shirts pis des bermudas, c&#8217;&#233;tait la mode du temps. Pour moi, la mode a peu chang&#233;. Mon linge de tous les jours faisait d&#233;j&#224; le costume.</p><p>Est-ce qu&#8217;il va pleuvoir? Des maringouins, probablement. J&#8217;mets quelle bi&#232;re dans mon cooler? Quoi d&#8217;autre que je vais oublier? Plus le temps de ruminer, y fallait y aller.</p><p>Moi, un sans-bateau, un chum me ramasse. C&#8217;est convenu : je d&#233;cide pas &#224; quelle heure je pars.</p><p>On est le premier bateau &#224; arriver : premier choix de spot sur le quai, pas besoin de se mouiller les pieds. J&#8217;entends d&#233;j&#224; le band jouer, c&#8217;est d&#233;j&#224; commenc&#233;.</p><p>Le jour tombe, la foule arrive. Des costumes partout : Karat&#233; Kid, pis aussi le m&#233;chant de Karat&#233; Kid, Wolf of Wall Street, Leisure Suit Larry avec son jacket en paillettes.</p><p>Je pensais voir les jeunes sur leurs t&#233;l&#233;phones. C&#8217;est &#231;a qu&#8217;un grognon cherche, un jeune la face dans son &#233;cran. J&#8217;en ai pas trouv&#233;. Ben oui, un t&#233;l&#233;phone ici et l&#224; pour des photos d&#8217;archives, pis quelques-unes pour &#233;c&#339;urer les absents.</p><p>Le duo excellait. Ironiquement, c&#8217;&#233;tait le festival de musique de chambre du lac Baker, pour vrai. Deux gars qui ont appris &#224; jouer dans leur chambre, justement. J&#8217;ai eu une pens&#233;e pour les parents.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TDJM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52db5678-0261-4bd4-be31-039685b84333_4032x2268.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TDJM!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52db5678-0261-4bd4-be31-039685b84333_4032x2268.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TDJM!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52db5678-0261-4bd4-be31-039685b84333_4032x2268.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TDJM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52db5678-0261-4bd4-be31-039685b84333_4032x2268.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TDJM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52db5678-0261-4bd4-be31-039685b84333_4032x2268.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TDJM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52db5678-0261-4bd4-be31-039685b84333_4032x2268.jpeg" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/52db5678-0261-4bd4-be31-039685b84333_4032x2268.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:4634261,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/i/210762446?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52db5678-0261-4bd4-be31-039685b84333_4032x2268.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TDJM!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52db5678-0261-4bd4-be31-039685b84333_4032x2268.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TDJM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52db5678-0261-4bd4-be31-039685b84333_4032x2268.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TDJM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52db5678-0261-4bd4-be31-039685b84333_4032x2268.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TDJM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52db5678-0261-4bd4-be31-039685b84333_4032x2268.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">De mes archives, Excel and the Spreadsheets lors d&#8217;un autre party.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Ah! Une toune de 88, <em>Handle with Care</em> des Traveling Wilburys, celle-l&#224; allait perdre les jeunes. Sauf que... le seul qui a l&#226;ch&#233; la piste, c&#8217;est moi. Discr&#232;tement, j&#8217;ai sorti mon cell pour googler un d&#233;tail sur Roy Orbison. Personne l&#8217;avait demand&#233;. Je l&#8217;ai cherch&#233; pareil. Lunettes noires, toupet, l&#8217;air d&#8217;un gars de 70 ans. Mort &#224; 52.</p><p>La jeunesse connaissait les tounes, et pas juste les hits. Des vieilles affaires obscures que je croyais juste sur vinyle. Pis quand <em>Mony Mony</em> a jou&#233;, y ont cri&#233; le boutte entra&#238;nant, entre les lignes. Vous connaissez la phrase, celle qu&#8217;on r&#233;p&#233;tait pas devant notre m&#232;re. Sauf que les jeunes, eux, la criaient pareil.</p><p>Cette partie-l&#224;, c&#8217;est pas &#233;crit dans les paroles sur Spotify. &#199;a passe d&#8217;un party &#224; l&#8217;autre depuis quarante ans, de bouche &#224; oreille. Pis eux autres le savaient, au bon moment.</p><p>C&#8217;est TikTok qui leur a montr&#233; la musique, j&#8217;imagine. La m&#234;me app qui devait nous fabriquer une g&#233;n&#233;ration de zombies. Un Walkman avec toutes les chansons du monde dedans.</p><p>Da-da-da-daa, da-da-da-da-daa. <em>The Final Countdown</em>. Une toune que je hais, pis qui me comptait les minutes avant mon lift de retour. J&#8217;veux d&#233;j&#224; aller me coucher, pis y&#233; m&#234;me pas minuit. Les autres dansaient, pis la musique de mon adolescence s&#8217;encha&#238;nait.</p><p>Pis l&#224;, deux jeunes loups que j&#8217;ai vus grandir sont venus me voir. Ils avaient achet&#233; deux kegs de la bi&#232;re de ma brasserie. La bonne.</p><p>&#171; Andr&#233;, prends une bi&#232;re. &#187;</p><p>Ma bi&#232;re &#233;tait au party avant m&#234;me que j&#8217;arrive. Je le savais m&#234;me pas. Mais ils l&#8217;avaient pay&#233;e, donc elle n&#8217;&#233;tait plus &#224; moi.</p><p>Minuit, l&#8217;heure du set carr&#233;. Je sais, le monde aime &#231;a. Pas moi. &#199;a para&#238;t trop que je sais pas danser.</p><p>En tant qu&#8217;observateur responsable, j&#8217;ai dit &#224; un gars un ti-peu plus jeune que moi :</p><p>&#171; Tasse-toi mononcle, les jeunes veulent danser. &#187;</p><p>Y m&#8217;a regard&#233; de travers, d&#8217;un &#339;il grognon.</p><p>&#171; Mononcle? J&#8217;fais pas mononcle. &#187;</p><p>Je lui ai dit :</p><p>&#171; Ton chum juste &#224; c&#244;t&#233;, m&#234;me &#226;ge que toi, ben lui c&#8217;est un grand-p&#232;re. Mononcle, c&#8217;est la version polie. &#187;</p><p>Je pensais &#234;tre le grognon du party.</p><p>J&#8217;avais pas le monopole.</p><p>Pis, oui, j&#8217;ai dans&#233;. J&#8217;ai pas pris de selfie pour le prouver.</p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Facebook se fiche de ton affiche]]></title><description><![CDATA[Le co&#251;t de se faire entendre n'a pas baiss&#233;. Il a chang&#233; de poche.]]></description><link>https://substack.andreleger.com/p/facebook-se-fiche-de-ton-affiche</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://substack.andreleger.com/p/facebook-se-fiche-de-ton-affiche</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andre Leger]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 04 Aug 2026 16:09:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh0P!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F403362c5-0670-4294-af94-5d49883e3651_2282x1592.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>En 1994, c&#8217;est la fin de mon bac. En jeune blanc-bec, j&#8217;arrive sur le march&#233; du travail. C&#8217;est le d&#233;but de la fin des fax. Le bureau o&#249; je travaille installe un syst&#232;me de courriel, que je juge presque aussi barbare que les fax eux-m&#234;mes, je peux vous en parler autour d&#8217;une bi&#232;re si &#231;a vous dit.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a></p><p>La premi&#232;re vague d&#8217;informatisation avait encore des traces dans le bureau, la gestion des dossiers de clients se fait sur un IBM Syst&#232;me 36, comme dans les vieux films de science-fiction. Moi, j&#8217;arrive au bon moment, on me donne mon propre ordinateur, un compatible PC. La demande naturelle &#233;tait un modem. Un 28.8k, le standard du moment, suffirait, capable de t&#233;l&#233;charger une image de 1 m&#233;gaoctet en pr&#232;s de cinq minutes, dans les conditions optimales.</p><p>Le bruit du handshake du modem, quiconque &#233;tait l&#224; s&#8217;en souvient encore: &#171; Bong-rippppp... skreeee-ch-ch-ch... shhhhhh-clack-clack... brrrrr-beep-boop... pshhhhhhh! &#187; (pour les plus jeunes). Aussi m&#233;morable que la s&#233;quence d&#8217;une alarme de voiture qu&#8217;on entendait il n&#8217;y a pas si longtemps.</p><p>&#192; ce moment pr&#233;cis, le World Wide Web est sur le point d&#8217;exploser. L&#8217;ann&#233;e 1994 d&#233;bute avec pr&#232;s de 600 sites web et se termine avec plus de 10 000, rapporte-t-on.</p><p>J&#8217;&#233;tais le plus jeune du bureau. Quelques cours d&#8217;informatique sous la cravate: COMP 202, Introduction to Computing, du C++, et la b&#234;te noire de plusieurs &#233;tudiants de ma classe, Management Information Systems. On m&#8217;a dit: Andr&#233;, fais-nous un site Web. Certainement!</p><p>Vu les temps de t&#233;l&#233;chargement, le graphisme n&#8217;&#233;tait pas central pour les sites Web. &#199;a tombe bien, je n&#8217;avais aucun talent de graphiste.</p><p>Malgr&#233; tout, le site, &#231;a n&#8217;a pas &#233;t&#233; un succ&#232;s. Il fallait apprendre le HTML (pas tr&#232;s compliqu&#233;), composer du texte (j&#8217;&#233;tais moins du style po&#232;te &#224; l&#8217;&#233;poque), faire une mise en page... je n&#8217;&#233;tais pas webmestre. J&#8217;&#233;tais une jeune recrue dans le monde des affaires. Les priorit&#233;s ont fini par prendre le dessus. On a vite compris que &#231;a n&#8217;allait pas g&#233;n&#233;rer beaucoup de business, mon affaire. La page web a pris le bord.</p><p>Cette page-l&#224;, aujourd&#8217;hui, &#231;a se fait en trente secondes. En 1994, l&#8217;affiche co&#251;tait cher &#224; produire et le babillard &#233;tait gratis. Aujourd&#8217;hui, l&#8217;affiche est gratis et le babillard se loue. Virtuel ou non, l&#8217;id&#233;e a toujours &#233;t&#233; la m&#234;me: placer l&#8217;affiche o&#249; le monde passe.</p><p>J&#8217;ai un souvenir du moment o&#249; j&#8217;ai vu que Facebook devenait un incontournable. Une voisine me parle de &#231;a, et ma r&#233;action: Facebook? Je croyais que c&#8217;&#233;tait pour les jeunes, les &#233;tudiants. Je lisais pourtant PC Magazine, Slashdot, Digg (qui s&#8217;est auto-d&#233;truit par la suite avec une mise &#224; jour &#233;pique de son algorithme). J&#8217;avais d&#233;j&#224; un compte Reddit. Je voyais venir la vague, mais je venais de comprendre qu&#8217;il y avait maintenant un usage pour le vrai monde: une application communautaire.</p><p>Ouverture du compte. Facebook, c&#8217;&#233;tait le babillard communautaire. Voir o&#249; &#233;taient rendus mes copains d&#8217;&#233;cole. &#201;trangement, tr&#232;s peu de mes amis du monde de la finance et des affaires, de Montr&#233;al, &#233;taient sur Facebook. Il aura fallu LinkedIn pour leur donner un environnement o&#249; ils pouvaient s&#8217;&#233;changer les platitudes d&#8217;usage, alors que Facebook avait le d&#233;faut de faire transpirer les personnalit&#233;s. Moi je savais qu&#8217;ils &#233;taient des &#171; lurkers &#187;, une pr&#233;sence fant&#244;me, sans admettre qu&#8217;ils avaient du temps &#224; perdre sur Facebook.</p><p>Un soir comme les autres, on scrollait. Moi comme les autres: le nouveau chat &#224; Gis&#232;le. Un souper de retrouvailles. Le chat &#224; Gis&#232;le encore, une autre pose avec un petit chapeau. Le b&#233;b&#233; Kevin qui a une nouvelle dent. Ce qui ne passe plus, je ne le saurai peut-&#234;tre jamais: la vente de trottoir du magasin en bas de la c&#244;te, le souper au homard de la fondation, l&#8217;avis de la ville sur la fermeture de la rue devant la Brasserie. Le babillard a l&#8217;air plein. Il est plein de ce que l&#8217;algorithme pense qui va me garder assis.</p><p>Le babillard Facebook avait pourtant bien fonctionn&#233; pendant des ann&#233;es, et il aurait pu continuer longtemps si la mesure du succ&#232;s n&#8217;avait pas chang&#233; de mains. Quand Facebook est entr&#233; en bourse, les vieux tableaux de bord, ceux qui c&#233;l&#233;braient les nouveaux utilisateurs, ont c&#233;d&#233; la place &#224; ceux qui comptent le revenu par utilisateur. L&#8217;ordre des affiches a chang&#233; peu apr&#232;s, sans avis, sans vote, sans que personne nous consulte sur notre propre babillard.</p><p>Le nouveau crit&#232;re n&#8217;a rien de compliqu&#233;. Le chat &#224; Gis&#232;le vous garde sur l&#8217;app, et la plateforme est pay&#233;e tant que vous y restez. La vente de trottoir, elle, veut vous faire lever, sortir, marcher jusqu&#8217;au coin de la rue pis d&#233;penser votre argent ailleurs que dans le feed. Deux affiches sur le m&#234;me babillard, mais une seule qui fait l&#8217;affaire de la plateforme.</p><p>Le magasin a pourtant fait tout ce qu&#8217;on lui demandait: il s&#8217;est cr&#233;&#233; une Page, il a invit&#233; ses clients, il a b&#226;ti sa port&#233;e une poign&#233;e de mains &#224; la fois. Ce qu&#8217;il ne savait pas, c&#8217;est qu&#8217;en ouvrant cette Page, il venait de changer de cat&#233;gorie dans les livres de la plateforme. Membre de la communaut&#233; &#224; l&#8217;ouverture, compte &#224; recevoir &#224; la fermeture. Le monde qui avait cliqu&#233; J&#8217;aime, qui avait litt&#233;ralement demand&#233; de ses nouvelles, ne les voyait plus passer, et pour les rejoindre, il fallait maintenant payer: vingt-cinq piasses le boost.</p><p>Ces temps-ci, on voit beaucoup de &#171; backlash &#187; vis-&#224;-vis l&#8217;utilisation d&#8217;affiches g&#233;n&#233;r&#233;es par l&#8217;IA pour faire la promotion de son commerce. Plusieurs utilisent le terme p&#233;joratif de &#171; AI Slop &#187;, la bouillie d&#8217;IA.</p><p>Des outils demeurent des outils. On peut se servir d&#8217;un tournevis comme marteau; si on n&#8217;a pas de marteau, &#231;a d&#233;panne. Les g&#233;n&#233;rateurs d&#8217;images, faut se le dire, font la moyenne de la moyenne, moyennement. Le g&#233;n&#233;rateur se fout de ta client&#232;le, et encore plus de ton image, &#224; moins que tu prennes le temps de la travailler avec lui. Mais c&#8217;est correct. Pas de jugement ici. Mon point va ailleurs.</p><p>Tout &#231;a, c&#8217;est une b&#233;quille. Et une b&#233;quille, ce n&#8217;est pas la maladie: c&#8217;est l&#8217;instrument qu&#8217;on utilise parce que la jambe est cass&#233;e. On se chicane sur la qualit&#233; de la b&#233;quille, pis personne ne parle de la jambe. Le commerce qui punaise ses affiches g&#233;n&#233;r&#233;es se fait juger pour l&#8217;outil, par le m&#234;me monde qui ne demande jamais qui lui a cass&#233; la jambe.</p><p>Un te casse la jambe, l&#8217;autre te vend la b&#233;quille. Pis les deux se connaissent: la plateforme qui &#233;trangle la port&#233;e pis l&#8217;outil qui offre le volume gratis font partie du m&#234;me &#233;cosyst&#232;me. L&#8217;argent du boost, c&#8217;est-tu l&#8217;argent qui payait l&#8217;infographiste avant? Un vrai racket de protection, avec le sourire en plus: &#171; Hey, tu veux-tu me donner une couple de piastres pour que le monde voie ton contenu? &#187;</p><p>J&#8217;&#233;cris des textes que je publie sur Substack, pis quand je les partage sur LinkedIn ou sur X, la plateforme les enterre poliment<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a>. Le lien vers mon article veut vous faire sortir de l&#8217;application, pis ce n&#8217;est pas dans les int&#233;r&#234;ts des plateformes de vous propulser ailleurs. Tel un bon Bougon<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a>, je trouve des moyens de contrecarrer &#231;a: le lien dans les commentaires, jamais dans le post. On s&#8217;adapte au racket, pis on finit par appeler &#231;a une strat&#233;gie de contenu.</p><p>C&#244;t&#233; Brasserie, maintenant. Elle a sa Page, comme il se doit. J&#8217;annonce une nouvelle bi&#232;re, un &#233;v&#233;nement au taproom, pis en dessous du post, le petit bouton bleu m&#8217;attend avec sa promesse: rejoignez tant de personnes pour tant de piastres. Le monde qu&#8217;il m&#8217;offre de rejoindre, c&#8217;est le monde qui a d&#233;j&#224; cliqu&#233; J&#8217;aime sur la Page. Ils ont lev&#233; la main, pis on me facture la r&#233;ponse. J&#8217;ai reconnu la facture: en 1994, on payait l&#8217;interurbain vers Toronto pour envoyer un courriel. Au moins, dans ce temps-l&#224;, le fil de cuivre &#233;tait pay&#233; &#224; la compagnie qui l&#8217;avait pos&#233;.</p><p>Pas tout &#224; fait sur un pied d&#8217;&#233;galit&#233;.</p><p>Il y a un babillard &#224; c&#244;t&#233; de la porte de la Brasserie. Un mur, avec de la gomme bleue (les punaises font des trous), avec plusieurs affiches: le Festival Musique de Chambre Lac-Baker, le spectacle du mois prochain au Mont Farlagne, et j&#8217;en passe. Il n&#8217;a jamais arr&#234;t&#233; de fonctionner. Mettre une affiche l&#224;-dessus, &#231;a exige encore une marche en ville, d&#8217;un babillard &#224; l&#8217;autre, pis personne fait cette marche-l&#224; avec une affiche moyenne dans les mains. Le filtre n&#8217;a jamais &#233;t&#233; dans le mur. Il &#233;tait dans le tour de ville.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh0P!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F403362c5-0670-4294-af94-5d49883e3651_2282x1592.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh0P!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F403362c5-0670-4294-af94-5d49883e3651_2282x1592.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh0P!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F403362c5-0670-4294-af94-5d49883e3651_2282x1592.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh0P!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F403362c5-0670-4294-af94-5d49883e3651_2282x1592.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh0P!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F403362c5-0670-4294-af94-5d49883e3651_2282x1592.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh0P!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F403362c5-0670-4294-af94-5d49883e3651_2282x1592.jpeg" width="1456" height="1016" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/403362c5-0670-4294-af94-5d49883e3651_2282x1592.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1016,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1219421,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/i/209793987?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F403362c5-0670-4294-af94-5d49883e3651_2282x1592.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh0P!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F403362c5-0670-4294-af94-5d49883e3651_2282x1592.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh0P!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F403362c5-0670-4294-af94-5d49883e3651_2282x1592.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh0P!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F403362c5-0670-4294-af94-5d49883e3651_2282x1592.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Rh0P!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F403362c5-0670-4294-af94-5d49883e3651_2282x1592.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Babillard old school, &#224; c&#244;t&#233; de la porte, Brasseurs du Petit-Sault, Edmundston.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Ce babillard-l&#224; n&#8217;est pas mort, pis il n&#8217;est pas nostalgique non plus. Il fait exactement la m&#234;me job qu&#8217;avant, pour exactement le m&#234;me monde. Ce qui a chang&#233;, c&#8217;est que le babillard le plus populaire ne montre plus ton affiche. &#192; moins que tu payes.</p><p>Pis les nouvelles locales, elles, ne passent plus pantoute depuis que Facebook a refus&#233; de payer pour le contenu<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a>.</p><p>Fait que la question n&#8217;est pas de savoir si l&#8217;IA fait des belles affiches. La question, c&#8217;est: qu&#8217;est-ce qui fait lever le monde de l&#8217;&#233;cran assez longtemps pour repasser devant un babillard?</p><p>Une chance que j&#8217;ai d&#8217;la bonne bi&#232;re en f&#251;t. Chaque babillard a son app&#226;t. Le mien fait encore marcher le monde jusqu&#8217;ici.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Bon, ce n&#8217;est pas r&#233;aliste comme attente, et je sais que vous br&#251;lez de savoir. Le syst&#232;me de courriel &#233;tait un serveur dans un garde-robe du bureau qui, via un cron job, se connectait au serveur du bureau chef &#224; Toronto, aux quinze minutes il me semble. cc:Mail, pour les connaisseurs. Il y avait plusieurs modems, un qui envoyait les courriels, l&#8217;autre qui recevait. Chaque connexion se payait en interurbain, fait que le serveur appelait le moins souvent possible. Je me suis d&#233;j&#224; donn&#233; le trouble de fermer un modem pour forcer la reconnexion et faire partir un courriel urgent. &#199;a marchait.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Ce n&#8217;est pas de la parano&#239;a: au printemps 2023, X a carr&#233;ment bloqu&#233; les interactions sur les liens Substack pendant quelques jours, avant de reculer. Les titres des aper&#231;us de liens ont disparu quelques mois plus tard. Pis X a lanc&#233; Articles, sa propre plateforme de publication longue, r&#233;serv&#233;e aux abonn&#233;s payants. Ils ne sont pas subtils: &#233;cris chez nous, pas chez vous. Donne-nous ta r&#233;colte, garde ta terre.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>La th&#233;orie du Bougon, une th&#233;orie maison: ceux qui n&#8217;ont rien &#224; offrir au syst&#232;me sont toujours ceux qui le comprennent le mieux, parce qu&#8217;ils ne le lisent pas pour y contribuer. Ils le lisent pour le contourner. Oui, comme la famille de la t&#233;l&#233;. Ici, le syst&#232;me ne m&#8217;offre pas le choix: pour &#234;tre lu, il faut jouer au Bougon. J&#8217;y reviendrai un jour, &#231;a m&#233;rite son propre texte.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Quand la loi C-18 a exig&#233; des plateformes qu'elles payent pour les nouvelles qu'elles diffusaient, Meta a choisi de bloquer les nouvelles au complet plut&#244;t que de payer. Depuis ao&#251;t 2023, aucun lien de nouvelles (ou presque) ne passe sur Facebook ni Instagram au Canada. Les journaux d'ici, tout. Pis le pire: l'engagement n'a pas baiss&#233;. Le feed n'a jamais eu besoin des nouvelles. Il avait juste besoin que le pouce continue.</p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[ Le grognon du lac]]></title><description><![CDATA[Petit texte &#233;t&#233;esque, l&#233;ger, &#233;crit sur le quai. Soit qu'on est grognon, soit qu'on se cr&#233;e d'autres souvenirs d'un bel &#233;t&#233; qui va passer.]]></description><link>https://substack.andreleger.com/p/le-grognon-du-lac</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://substack.andreleger.com/p/le-grognon-du-lac</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andre Leger]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2026 23:58:40 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0GeJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac269edf-9a7a-4b22-a049-4c16ac80294b_2048x1536.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>L'&#233;t&#233;, on aime &#231;a quand il fait beau et chaud. On ne pense qu'&#224; sortir du bureau. Se retrouver pr&#232;s d'un plan d'eau. La bonne bi&#232;re qu'on va boire, la tite drink qu'on va se faire. Pourquoi pas avec d'la verdure, du sur, pis du fort aux m&#251;res.</p><p>Mais avec la chaleur viennent les maringouins de lac.</p><p>Ziiiing... ziiing... ziiing.</p><p>Quand on ne les entend pas, on oublie qu'ils existent.</p><p>Ziiiing... ziiing... ziiing.</p><p>Regarde-moi. J'existe. Pas si tu ne me vois pas.</p><p>Des maringouins, &#231;a d&#233;place de l'air. &#199;a fait tomber les paddlistes, les fers en l'air. &#199;a tourne en rond, sans direction. &#199;a essaie de sauter, mais les ailes manquent d'air. Essouffl&#233;, oui. Mais faut ressayer. Ils carburent au gaz, sans bon sang.</p><p>&#199;a fait des huit, avec d'la zizique. Quand t'as du c&#339;ur, pas besoin de beat.</p><p>Ben oui, je suis devenu grognon.</p><p>On me dit que c'est de mon &#226;ge. Que j'&#233;tais pareil &#224; dix-neuf ans, un Acadien dans sa Chevette... en v&#233;rit&#233;, une Acadian brun diarrh&#233;e.</p><p>Vroum, vroum. Pout, pout.</p><p>On me dit de les ignorer. C'est ce que je veux faire. Mais j'entends dans ma t&#234;te les &#233;chos de mon cours de civisme de la petite &#233;cole. Jeannot Prudent. Astar le robot. Jouez prudemment.</p><p>Le grognon regarde. Parce qu'un grognon sans cause, ce n'est pas un grognon.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0GeJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac269edf-9a7a-4b22-a049-4c16ac80294b_2048x1536.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0GeJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac269edf-9a7a-4b22-a049-4c16ac80294b_2048x1536.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0GeJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac269edf-9a7a-4b22-a049-4c16ac80294b_2048x1536.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0GeJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac269edf-9a7a-4b22-a049-4c16ac80294b_2048x1536.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0GeJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac269edf-9a7a-4b22-a049-4c16ac80294b_2048x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0GeJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac269edf-9a7a-4b22-a049-4c16ac80294b_2048x1536.jpeg" width="2048" height="1536" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ac269edf-9a7a-4b22-a049-4c16ac80294b_2048x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1536,&quot;width&quot;:2048,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:238385,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0GeJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac269edf-9a7a-4b22-a049-4c16ac80294b_2048x1536.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0GeJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac269edf-9a7a-4b22-a049-4c16ac80294b_2048x1536.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0GeJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac269edf-9a7a-4b22-a049-4c16ac80294b_2048x1536.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0GeJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac269edf-9a7a-4b22-a049-4c16ac80294b_2048x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">L&#8217;auteur, pis sa femme. Photo : Steve Plourde</figcaption></figure></div><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?utm_source=email&r=&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?utm_source=email&r="><span>Subscribe</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[La facture arrive ici]]></title><description><![CDATA[On demande au Madawaska d&#8217;&#233;lectrifier son chauffage et ses v&#233;hicules, puis de faire confiance &#224; un r&#233;seau qui tombe d&#233;j&#224; en panne.]]></description><link>https://substack.andreleger.com/p/la-facture-arrive-ici</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://substack.andreleger.com/p/la-facture-arrive-ici</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andre Leger]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 16 Jul 2026 23:21:17 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!np5z!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe259df8a-d3d2-4c50-b74d-c9cfcf814881_2252x1263.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Le 9 juillet dernier, en pleine haute saison, une panne majeure frappe le Nord-Ouest du Nouveau-Brunswick. La sixi&#232;me interruption en dix-huit mois. L&#8217;H&#244;pital r&#233;gional d&#8217;Edmundston s&#8217;alimente sur sa g&#233;n&#233;ratrice, la plupart des restos ferment. Dans certains secteurs, le cellulaire tombe avec le courant. &#192; Saint-Basile, des r&#233;sidents perdent le signal et le data. Un ami passe deux heures &#224; travailler dans un stationnement, l&#224; o&#249; son t&#233;l&#233;phone accroche encore. Une dame r&#233;sume : c&#8217;est comme &#231;a &#224; chaque panne.</p><p>Je n&#8217;ai pas appel&#233; personne, j&#8217;ai vu &#231;a sur Facebook. Je dois avouer que certains offraient des solutions, le mode avion, red&#233;marrer le t&#233;l&#233;phone, mais bref.</p><p>Le jour m&#234;me, un restaurateur de la r&#233;gion pose des questions sur la m&#234;me plateforme : qui couvre les pertes de revenu? Les salaires des employ&#233;s renvoy&#233;s chez eux? La nourriture qui d&#233;g&#232;le? Il conna&#238;t d&#233;j&#224; la r&#233;ponse, &#233;crit-il : nous. Dans le fil, le maire r&#233;pond. Il a rencontr&#233; la premi&#232;re ministre, le ministre de l&#8217;&#201;nergie, la PDG d&#8217;&#201;nergie NB. Il se dit aussi frustr&#233; que tout le monde. Je le crois.</p><p>Il y a de s&#233;rieux probl&#232;mes d&#8217;infrastructure pour approvisionner le Nord-Ouest. Je salue les gens du Haut-Madawaska. La fameuse ligne 70, soixante ans, dont toute la r&#233;gion d&#233;pend, est de plus en plus vuln&#233;rable. Mais si on prend un peu de recul, le r&#233;seau entier du Nouveau-Brunswick est fragile.</p><p>La journaliste Gina Miller <a href="https://open.substack.com/pub/sidewalksmedia/p/nb-powers-balancing-act?r=5obh5o&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web">publiait r&#233;cemment une excellente vulgarisation du syst&#232;me &#233;lectrique n&#233;o-brunswickois</a>. Ce que j&#8217;en retiens : le r&#233;seau n&#8217;est pas une baignoire qu&#8217;on remplit, c&#8217;est une balance. La production et la consommation doivent s&#8217;&#233;quilibrer &#224; chaque instant, sinon le syst&#232;me d&#233;croche. Le r&#233;seau ne vit pas dans une moyenne annuelle; il vit dans la seconde pr&#233;sente. Et &#201;nergie NB le dit elle-m&#234;me : d&#232;s 2028, la province manquera de capacit&#233; pour r&#233;pondre &#224; la demande durant les pointes d&#8217;hiver. Le Qu&#233;bec, notre batterie de secours, annonce ses propres hivers serr&#233;s. On a fait quoi pour se pr&#233;parer?</p><p>On a tax&#233; le carbone comme on taxe un vice : rendre le comportement plus cher pour le d&#233;courager. Les &#233;conomistes appellent &#231;a autrement, mais quand la taxe vient avec la morale, moi j&#8217;appelle &#231;a un vice. Je pense que le prix du vice devrait financer le rem&#232;de : le tabac, les h&#244;pitaux; le carbone, les &#233;nergies propres. En politique, c&#8217;est autre chose. Je ne suis pas na&#239;f.</p><p>Six ans de taxe carbone au Nouveau-Brunswick, et l&#8217;argent est revenu en grande partie dans les poches des contribuables, notamment en ch&#232;ques, pour que la taxe survive politiquement. Agr&#233;able sur le moment, comme le vice.</p><p>Cette taxe est morte en avril 2025, pour des raisons politiques. Bilan : six ans de collecte, z&#233;ro m&#233;gawatt.</p><p>On a aussi point&#233; du doigt : la centrale de Belledune, 467 m&#233;gawatts de puissance sur demande, celle qui r&#233;pond pr&#233;sente le soir le plus froid de f&#233;vrier. La centrale a trente-trois ans et une vie utile jusqu&#8217;en 2040.</p><p>Ottawa exige la fin du charbon pour 2030 afin de pouvoir atteindre ses objectifs de r&#233;duction de carbone. La fin arrivera deux ans apr&#232;s le manque annonc&#233;.</p><p>Le plan pour remplacer le charbon : convertir la centrale aux granules noires de bois. La centrale a d&#233;j&#224; tourn&#233; deux fois &#224; 100 % de granules, les essais ont r&#233;ussi. La d&#233;cision finale &#233;tait promise pour l&#8217;hiver 2025, puis pour f&#233;vrier, puis pour mai; elle est maintenant annonc&#233;e pour ao&#251;t. La fin du charbon, elle, n&#8217;a pas boug&#233;. Et la facture de la conversion, personne ne l&#8217;a encore montr&#233;e. Devinez qui va la payer.</p><p>Relisez le paragraphe pr&#233;c&#233;dent, deux mots passent vite. Granules noires : pas les granules de bois qu&#8217;on a l&#8217;habitude de voir, mais du bois r&#244;ti &#224; haute temp&#233;rature pour br&#251;ler comme du charbon. Le plan pour sortir du charbon, c&#8217;est du charbon artificiel. &#199;a ne s&#8217;invente pas.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>Je sais ce qu&#8217;on va me r&#233;pondre : l&#8217;&#233;olien co&#251;te moins cher au m&#233;gawattheure. C&#8217;est vrai. Plusieurs centaines de m&#233;gawatts de vent sont d&#233;j&#224; sous contrat, livraison 2027-2028 : c&#8217;est sign&#233;, ce ne sont pas des promesses. Mais ceci n&#8217;est pas un substitut &#224; une centrale qui produit sur demande : une &#233;olienne produit quand il vente. La centrale qui contribue durant les pics de f&#233;vrier, elle, n&#8217;a pas d&#8217;avenir confirm&#233;.</p><p>Et si on utilisait des batteries pour stocker l&#8217;&#233;nergie &#233;olienne? Une image que la journaliste Miller <a href="https://open.substack.com/pub/sidewalksmedia/p/batteries-dont-create-electricity?r=5obh5o&amp;utm_campaign=post&amp;utm_medium=web">offre dans un second article</a> : ramen&#233; &#224; l&#8217;&#233;chelle d&#8217;une maison, ce qu&#8217;&#201;nergie NB magasine &#233;quivaut &#224; une batterie de camping de Canadian Tire, de quoi garder le frigo et le t&#233;l&#233;phone quelques heures. Des batteries qui tiendraient la province quatre ou cinq jours sans vent co&#251;teraient, selon ses calculs, dix fois la dette de la soci&#233;t&#233; d&#8217;&#201;tat. Personne ne le propose, avec raison.</p><p>Un &#233;ch&#233;ancier peut tuer le charbon, mais il ne peut pas faire lever le vent en f&#233;vrier.</p><p>Mais qu&#8217;est-ce qui va nous garder au chaud en f&#233;vrier? &#201;nergie NB pr&#233;voit une centrale de secours au gaz, approuv&#233;e en mai. Le projet de base : 400 m&#233;gawatts, au moins 2,8 milliards de dollars aux frais des abonn&#233;s, mise en service vis&#233;e pour la deuxi&#232;me moiti&#233; de 2028, l&#8217;ann&#233;e m&#234;me du manque. On y a ensuite ajout&#233; 100 m&#233;gawatts, d&#233;j&#224; promis &#224; la Nouvelle-&#201;cosse pour dix ans. L&#8217;ensemble a &#233;t&#233; approuv&#233; &#224; la course : la r&#233;gie elle-m&#234;me parle d&#8217;une preuve limit&#233;e, le v&#233;rificateur g&#233;n&#233;ral note que l&#8217;analyse des alternatives est arriv&#233;e apr&#232;s la signature du contrat de 25 ans, et l&#8217;&#233;valuation environnementale n&#8217;est pas termin&#233;e. La r&#233;ponse &#224; la fin du charbon sera donc une centrale au gaz. &#201;nergie NB pr&#233;sente le tout comme un pas vers une &#233;nergie plus propre.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!np5z!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe259df8a-d3d2-4c50-b74d-c9cfcf814881_2252x1263.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!np5z!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe259df8a-d3d2-4c50-b74d-c9cfcf814881_2252x1263.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!np5z!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe259df8a-d3d2-4c50-b74d-c9cfcf814881_2252x1263.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!np5z!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe259df8a-d3d2-4c50-b74d-c9cfcf814881_2252x1263.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!np5z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe259df8a-d3d2-4c50-b74d-c9cfcf814881_2252x1263.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!np5z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe259df8a-d3d2-4c50-b74d-c9cfcf814881_2252x1263.jpeg" width="2252" height="1263" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e259df8a-d3d2-4c50-b74d-c9cfcf814881_2252x1263.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1263,&quot;width&quot;:2252,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:599587,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;M&#233;thanier converti en unit&#233; flottante de stockage et de regaz&#233;ification dans le port de Dakar, au S&#233;n&#233;gal.&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/i/207355294?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e065966-c6f0-4a7e-a381-bd4f5f529cc1_4000x2252.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="M&#233;thanier converti en unit&#233; flottante de stockage et de regaz&#233;ification dans le port de Dakar, au S&#233;n&#233;gal." title="M&#233;thanier converti en unit&#233; flottante de stockage et de regaz&#233;ification dans le port de Dakar, au S&#233;n&#233;gal." srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!np5z!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe259df8a-d3d2-4c50-b74d-c9cfcf814881_2252x1263.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!np5z!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe259df8a-d3d2-4c50-b74d-c9cfcf814881_2252x1263.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!np5z!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe259df8a-d3d2-4c50-b74d-c9cfcf814881_2252x1263.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!np5z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe259df8a-d3d2-4c50-b74d-c9cfcf814881_2252x1263.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><em>Dakar, f&#233;vrier 2026. Un ancien m&#233;thanier converti en unit&#233; flottante de stockage et de regaz&#233;ification, reli&#233; par gazoduc &#224; une centrale &#233;lectrique flottante amarr&#233;e devant la ville. Le dispositif fournit pr&#232;s du quart de l&#8217;&#233;lectricit&#233; du S&#233;n&#233;gal. La capacit&#233; manquait; on a ancr&#233; la solution dans le port.</em></figcaption></figure></div><p>Si ce film vous semble familier, c&#8217;est qu&#8217;il a d&#233;j&#224; jou&#233; ici. En 2002, &#201;nergie NB a converti Coleson Cove pour br&#251;ler de l&#8217;orimulsion v&#233;n&#233;zu&#233;lienne : environ 750 millions de travaux. L&#8217;accord d&#8217;approvisionnement de vingt ans avait &#233;t&#233; annonc&#233;, mais il n&#8217;a jamais &#233;t&#233; sign&#233; : le Venezuela n&#8217;a jamais livr&#233;. Poursuite de deux milliards, r&#232;glement de 338 millions, et des ann&#233;es &#224; br&#251;ler du carburant plus cher. Convertir une centrale pour un carburant qui n&#8217;arrive pas, on a d&#233;j&#224; le re&#231;u.</p><p>Aujourd&#8217;hui, les granules noires que Belledune br&#251;lerait ne se fabriquent encore &#224; l&#8217;&#233;chelle commerciale nulle part au pays. Un carburant au futur, encore.</p><p>Dans les pays en d&#233;veloppement, le r&#233;seau &#233;lectrique est fragile et personne ne le nie. Alors chaque organisme qui peut se le permettre a sa g&#233;n&#233;ratrice, et chaque famille a son plan B. Les pannes ne surprennent personne; elles sont dans le budget, dans les habitudes, dans l&#8217;architecture. C&#8217;est un syst&#232;me honn&#234;te sur sa propre fragilit&#233;. En voyage, mon plan A est de ne pas prendre l&#8217;ascenseur si je peux me le permettre.</p><p>Ici, on paie des tarifs de pays industrialis&#233; pour une fiabilit&#233; qu&#8217;on n&#8217;ose pas nommer. Et quand &#231;a casse, l&#8217;institution r&#233;pond au futur : on va adresser, on va &#233;tudier, on va investir. Le restaurateur pose sa question, le maire raconte ses rencontres, la chambre de commerce organise une session. Tout le monde fait sa part. Rien ne s&#8217;allume.</p><p>La diff&#233;rence entre l&#224;-bas et ici, ce n&#8217;est pas la panne; c&#8217;est la pr&#233;tention. La fragilit&#233; avou&#233;e produit des g&#233;n&#233;ratrices. La fragilit&#233; ni&#233;e produit des rencontres.</p><p>La politique fiscale moderne est un phare paresseux : elle concentre sa lumi&#232;re sur ce qui est immobile et captif. Le foyer du Madawaska, branch&#233; au mur, est l&#8217;appareil le plus facile &#224; taxer de la plan&#232;te.</p><p>Mais pourquoi on se donne autant de mis&#232;re? Je ne conteste pas que le climat change. Par contre, je conteste la distribution du sacrifice.</p><p>Le climat est mondial. La facture, elle, arrive ici.</p><p>On demande au foyer du Madawaska de payer davantage, de remplacer son chauffage &#224; l&#8217;huile par une thermopompe et son v&#233;hicule par un v&#233;hicule &#233;lectrique. Au plus froid de l&#8217;hiver, la thermopompe tire davantage sur le r&#233;seau et l&#8217;appoint &#233;lectrique peut embarquer. Puis on demande &#224; ce m&#234;me foyer de faire confiance &#224; un r&#233;seau qui tombe d&#233;j&#224; en panne. Pendant ce temps, les grandes puissances prot&#232;gent leur capacit&#233; industrielle, les centres de donn&#233;es ajoutent une nouvelle demande &#233;lectrique &#224; une vitesse historique, et les plus riches continuent d&#8217;&#233;mettre &#224; une &#233;chelle inaccessible au citoyen ordinaire.</p><p>Le probl&#232;me n&#8217;est pas que nous fassions notre part. Le probl&#232;me, c&#8217;est qu&#8217;on nous demande de faire le sacrifice &#224; la place des autres.</p><p>R&#233;duire les &#233;missions est une chose. R&#233;duire notre propre s&#233;curit&#233; &#233;nerg&#233;tique parce que nous sommes les seuls assez disciplin&#233;s pour ob&#233;ir en est une autre.</p><p>Il faut vouloir prot&#233;ger le climat. Une des provinces les plus pauvres du pays a aussi le droit de prot&#233;ger son &#233;conomie.</p><p>Il ne faut pas &#234;tre cave.</p><p>La taxe est morte. Le charbon est toujours condamn&#233;; la conversion qui sauverait la centrale attend toujours sa d&#233;cision. La ligne 70 attend toujours son tour. Pour le Madawaska : des paroles en l&#8217;air, des promesses dans le vent. Et on demande aux gens de la r&#233;gion, citoyens &#224; part enti&#232;re du Nouveau-Brunswick, de faire confiance au futur, une fois de plus.</p><p>Je salue mes amis qui vendent des g&#233;n&#233;ratrices &#224; essence. Je vous appelle bient&#244;t.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[You’re Burning, Yet There You Are]]></title><description><![CDATA[A meditation on the fire that makes us]]></description><link>https://substack.andreleger.com/p/youre-burning-yet-there-you-are</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://substack.andreleger.com/p/youre-burning-yet-there-you-are</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andre Leger]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 12 Jul 2026 12:41:17 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ljcz!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fd9e9d1-6dee-4a11-a5f2-9d26e60895db_2268x2775.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ljcz!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fd9e9d1-6dee-4a11-a5f2-9d26e60895db_2268x2775.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ljcz!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fd9e9d1-6dee-4a11-a5f2-9d26e60895db_2268x2775.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ljcz!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fd9e9d1-6dee-4a11-a5f2-9d26e60895db_2268x2775.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ljcz!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fd9e9d1-6dee-4a11-a5f2-9d26e60895db_2268x2775.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ljcz!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fd9e9d1-6dee-4a11-a5f2-9d26e60895db_2268x2775.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ljcz!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fd9e9d1-6dee-4a11-a5f2-9d26e60895db_2268x2775.jpeg" width="2268" height="2775" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4fd9e9d1-6dee-4a11-a5f2-9d26e60895db_2268x2775.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2775,&quot;width&quot;:2268,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1873907,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/i/206690812?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa17f301e-9e93-4637-93ee-102b3486b7cb_4032x2268.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ljcz!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fd9e9d1-6dee-4a11-a5f2-9d26e60895db_2268x2775.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ljcz!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fd9e9d1-6dee-4a11-a5f2-9d26e60895db_2268x2775.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ljcz!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fd9e9d1-6dee-4a11-a5f2-9d26e60895db_2268x2775.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ljcz!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fd9e9d1-6dee-4a11-a5f2-9d26e60895db_2268x2775.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>A flame is energy passing through matter. It feeds on wood and air. As long as it burns, it is the same fire. It never stops consuming.</p><p>We are the same person, though almost everything that composes us is replaced, borrowed, repaired, burned, and spent.</p><p>We think living is matter. Carbon, iron, oxygen, and most of all hydrogen. But the matter is taken and spent. What makes us alive is the flow of energy through it, burned against everything trying to level it out. That flow is what feels, what changes, and what interprets its own existence.</p><p>The origin of complex life was a singular event.</p><p>Something happened, once, and remained: one cell came to live inside another. This symbiosis was the spark, and all complex life is downstream of it. From that moment, you share an origin with the ant climbing your leg, and with the lettuce you just ate. From then on, there was an energy budget for growth, for joining, for becoming something in particular.</p><p>Once energy could be budgeted, life could afford distance from the immediate. It could do more than react. It could hold what was not there.</p><p>From here, it looks positive. It has to. I am looking at it from inside the winning branch. That is survivorship bias. I stand in the one line that lived, blind to the ones that did not. I claim it. I read the luck as mine, and then I read my survival as direction.</p><p>And underneath it all, we keep asking what and why. Nature does not ask. I exist because it happened, and I can only judge it with the senses, fears, appetites and meanings that the same event made possible.</p><p>Others inherit the same event and curse it. Same bet. Priced from an end I cannot reach.</p><p>For billions of years, life ran on survive and reproduce. Then the system became complex enough to experience the machinery as if it were aimed at something. Purpose may be what survival feels like once the organism is complex enough to narrate its own hunger.</p><p>Awareness came from reading the close environment. An organism cannot survive a limit it cannot sense, so perception came first. The organism decodes what is near because staying alive required it, and awareness is that decoding turned inward far enough to include the one doing the decoding.</p><p>The limit never left. We perceive from inside a bounded instrument, tuned to the scale a body lives at. But we point it now at the infinitesimal and the infinite, neither of which the instrument was built to read. Early on we perceived little and knew we were bounded, because the barrier was right there, a cliff, the cold, a predator. Today we perceive far more and assume far more, and the assuming outruns the perceiving. We lost the cliff. So we assume across the gap the cliff used to guard.</p><p>What imagination generates is not bound by physics. But physics is what allows us to imagine. The picture is free. The fire that draws it is not.</p><p>Maybe I do not feel because cause and effect made room for feeling. Maybe feeling is cause and effect from the inside, warm for a moment.</p><p>The fire will go out. Some spend the whole of it refusing that, pushing their warmth into other people so something of them will remain. That is not freedom. It is a life owned by its own ending. The one who can say the fire goes out, and mean it, gets the warmth back. For as long as it burns.</p><div><hr></div><p><em>The passages on the origin of complex life draw on the work of Nick Lane, particularly Power, Sex, Suicide.</em></p><p></p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading Expect No Answer! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Un secret que les milliardaires ne vous disent pas]]></title><description><![CDATA[Vous allez comprendre pourquoi en cinq minutes.]]></description><link>https://substack.andreleger.com/p/un-secret-que-les-milliardaires-ne</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://substack.andreleger.com/p/un-secret-que-les-milliardaires-ne</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andre Leger]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 05 Jul 2026 19:16:58 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qzdG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e854bd4-ada1-467e-95c5-6dbdad1c8dac_687x1024.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>En janvier, je suis tomb&#233; sur une s&#233;rie de <em>Reels</em> Instagram : des animaux qui faisaient des choses impossibles, des accidents trop parfaits, des sc&#232;nes spectaculaires film&#233;es comme si quelqu&#8217;un avait &#233;t&#233; l&#224; exactement au bon moment. Trop parfait.</p><p>Trop parfait, parce que c&#8217;&#233;tait faux. <em>FAKE</em>. Pr&#233;sent&#233; comme si c&#8217;&#233;tait vrai. On se demande pourquoi il filmait l&#224;, &#224; ce moment. On ne remet jamais en question la position de la cam&#233;ra de s&#233;curit&#233;.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>C&#8217;est l&#224; que je me suis dit : voil&#224;. La goutte qui a fait d&#233;border l&#8217;aquarium.</p><p>Le probl&#232;me n&#8217;&#233;tait m&#234;me pas que ces vid&#233;os existaient. Le probl&#232;me, c&#8217;est que le &#171; hook &#187;, l&#8217;hame&#231;on, &#233;tait l&#8217;int&#233;gralit&#233; du contenu. La sc&#232;ne spectaculaire faisait tout le travail. Un hame&#231;on qui se transforme en filet.</p><p>&#201;coutez bien, oui j&#8217;y vais encore sur les r&#233;seaux sociaux, je ne suis pas un homme de caverne quand m&#234;me. Je ne suis pas plus fin qu&#8217;un autre, mais le <em>doom scroll</em> peut me donner de l&#8217;urticaire. Ceci dit, j&#8217;applique une r&#232;gle d&#8217;hygi&#232;ne : j&#8217;&#233;vite les titres avec des superlatifs, les titres &#224; recette, &#224; formule histrionique. En somme, les &#171; vous ne croirez jamais &#187;, &#171; la 7e raison va vous surprendre &#187;. Pas parce que je pense que tout le monde devrait faire pareil. C&#8217;est une r&#232;gle que je m&#8217;impose &#224; moi-m&#234;me. Je n&#8217;aurais pas lu mon propre article avec le titre ci-haut. Ok, je me permets des exceptions.</p><p>Mais l&#224;, les vid&#233;os <em>fake</em> g&#233;n&#233;r&#233;es par l&#8217;IA, qui br&#251;lent l&#8217;&#233;lectricit&#233; d&#8217;un petit village nordique juste pour exister, dit-on, c&#8217;est trop pour moi.</p><p>Le probl&#232;me avec ce genre de r&#232;gle, c&#8217;est qu&#8217;elle marche seulement jusqu&#8217;&#224; ce que quelqu&#8217;un d&#233;code sa perte d&#8217;engagement. Ma th&#233;orie du bougon : celui qui n&#8217;a rien &#224; offrir au syst&#232;me est toujours celui qui le comprend le mieux, parce qu&#8217;il ne le lit pas pour contribuer. Il le lit pour passer &#224; c&#244;t&#233;.</p><p>En janvier, les petits chenapans, les <em>engagement farmers</em>, cultivateurs de clics, usurpateurs de temps, m&#8217;avaient kidnapp&#233; pour un instant. Et ceux qui commentent &#171; Fake &#187; contribuent &#224; faire croire &#224; l&#8217;algorithme que c&#8217;est une vid&#233;o engageante.</p><p>La vid&#233;o IA n&#8217;a pas besoin de titre pi&#232;ge : la sc&#232;ne spectaculaire est le titre. Le filtre reconna&#238;t les vieux hame&#231;ons, alors les hame&#231;ons changent de forme. Il ne freine pas le <em>farming</em>. Il l&#8217;entra&#238;ne.</p><p>Et c&#8217;est l&#224; que j&#8217;ai compris que le probl&#232;me n&#8217;&#233;tait pas les vid&#233;os. C&#8217;&#233;tait mes minutes &#224; moi. Mon pr&#233;cieux temps comme dirait Gollum.</p><p>On dit souvent qu&#8217;on manque de temps. On le gaspille, parfois volontairement, parfois non. Chaque clic est une d&#233;pense. Rester coll&#233; sur une vid&#233;o aussi. On parle de clics, mais l&#8217;algorithme travaille sur l&#8217;attention. Le temps pass&#233; sur une image est aussi un signal.</p><p>Et ce qu&#8217;un clic donne, au fond, ce ne sont pas des images. Ce sont des minutes. Des minutes limit&#233;es, non renouvelables, non r&#233;cup&#233;rables, non &#233;changeables.</p><p>Le reste, c&#8217;est une business.</p><p>Il y a deux fa&#231;ons de faire du contenu. Fabriquer quelque chose qui livre la marchandise, ou quelque chose qui donne juste assez l&#8217;impression qu&#8217;il va livrer pour que les gens restent. L&#8217;algorithme ne mesure pas si &#231;a a livr&#233;. Il mesure qu&#8217;on est rest&#233;.</p><p>L&#8217;<em>engagement farmer</em> n&#8217;est pas forc&#233;ment un mauvais citoyen. C&#8217;est un arbitragiste, le &#171; <em>middle-man</em> &#187;. Il travaille l&#8217;&#233;cart entre ce que l&#8217;algorithme mesure et ce qu&#8217;on re&#231;oit. Il r&#233;alise que notre temps est monnayable et le vole &#224; faible co&#251;t. Donc, il prend quelques minutes, les revend en engagement. L&#8217;engagement devient de l&#8217;influence. L&#8217;influence devient trop souvent de l&#8217;argent.</p><p>Mais nous ne sommes pas tout &#224; fait le client. Nous sommes la mati&#232;re premi&#232;re. Des poissons dans l&#8217;aquarium. &#171; <em>If you&#8217;re not paying for the product, you are the product.</em> &#187; L&#8217;algorithme est le bureau de change.</p><p>En juillet, je suis tomb&#233; sur un post. &#171; Regardez cette entrevue de deux heures avec un ancien chef d&#8217;&#201;tat. &#199;a vaut plus que vingt livres d&#8217;affaires. &#192; tout prix, aujourd&#8217;hui. &#187; Plus de 1,4 K signets sur <em>X</em>.</p><p>Soyons s&#233;rieux. Tr&#232;s peu de gens vont revenir regarder deux heures d&#8217;entrevue.</p><p>Le signet est fascinant. Il ne dit pas &#171; ce contenu m&#8217;a chang&#233; &#187;. Il dit : &#171; j&#8217;aimerais &#234;tre le genre de personne qui va regarder &#231;a. &#187;</p><p>Le cr&#233;ateur ne mon&#233;tise pas seulement notre attention, il mon&#233;tise notre aspiration. Le bouton &#171; Enregistrer pour plus tard &#187; est devenu le cimeti&#232;re de nos ambitions intellectuelles.</p><p>Pour moi, le bon contenu n&#8217;est pas celui qui nous a retenu. C&#8217;est celui qui reste dans notre esprit, m&#234;me quand nous sommes ailleurs.</p><p>En &#233;crivant tout &#231;a, un souvenir m&#8217;est revenu. Comment je passais le temps d&#8217;attente, jeune. Je me suis revu dans un autobus, &#224; regarder la bu&#233;e sur la vitre, une goutte d&#8217;eau qui coulait. J&#8217;&#233;tais &#171; bored &#187;, mais on n&#8217;avait pas le luxe d&#8217;une machine &#224; divertissement infini &#224; port&#233;e de main. Un humoriste a fait un num&#233;ro exactement l&#224;-dessus, et le lien s&#8217;est fait tout seul. Mindfulness. Je paraphrase : <em>as kids, we were mindful all the fucking time. Waiting for somebody? Mindfulness. I didn&#8217;t realize I was such a fucking guru.</em> Aujourd&#8217;hui, on t&#233;l&#233;charge une application pour m&#233;diter.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qzdG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e854bd4-ada1-467e-95c5-6dbdad1c8dac_687x1024.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qzdG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e854bd4-ada1-467e-95c5-6dbdad1c8dac_687x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qzdG!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e854bd4-ada1-467e-95c5-6dbdad1c8dac_687x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qzdG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e854bd4-ada1-467e-95c5-6dbdad1c8dac_687x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qzdG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e854bd4-ada1-467e-95c5-6dbdad1c8dac_687x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qzdG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e854bd4-ada1-467e-95c5-6dbdad1c8dac_687x1024.jpeg" width="687" height="1024" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4e854bd4-ada1-467e-95c5-6dbdad1c8dac_687x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1024,&quot;width&quot;:687,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:99759,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/i/205326773?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e854bd4-ada1-467e-95c5-6dbdad1c8dac_687x1024.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qzdG!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e854bd4-ada1-467e-95c5-6dbdad1c8dac_687x1024.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qzdG!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e854bd4-ada1-467e-95c5-6dbdad1c8dac_687x1024.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qzdG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e854bd4-ada1-467e-95c5-6dbdad1c8dac_687x1024.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qzdG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e854bd4-ada1-467e-95c5-6dbdad1c8dac_687x1024.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Photo g&#233;n&#233;r&#233;e par l&#8217;IA. Je n&#8217;avais pas de t&#233;l&#233;phone intelligent dans le temps pour capturer mes moments de boredom.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Je n&#8217;avais rien enregistr&#233;, ni sauvegard&#233;. Plus d&#8217;un an plus tard, c&#8217;&#233;tait dans ma m&#233;moire. C&#8217;est peut-&#234;tre &#231;a le payoff : ce qui revient tout seul, sans notification, sans rappel, sans collection.</p><p>Le plus dr&#244;le, c&#8217;est que j&#8217;avais oubli&#233; qui &#233;tait l&#8217;humoriste en question. L&#8217;humoriste, c&#8217;&#233;tait Des Bishop. Google l&#8217;a retrouv&#233; avec ce prompt : &#171; <em>comedian bit on mindfulness</em> &#187;. &#199;a vaut de l&#8217;or cet algorithme!</p><p>Moi aussi, j&#8217;&#233;cris des hame&#231;ons. Sinon, personne n&#8217;entre. La diff&#233;rence n&#8217;est pas dans l&#8217;hame&#231;on. Elle est dans ce qui attend au bout. Alors voici le secret que les milliardaires ne vous disent pas : ils sont devenus riches en capturant votre attention.</p><p>Le temps que je ne passe plus &#224; courir apr&#232;s le prochain clic, prochain <em>clip</em>, je le mets &#224; lire. &#192; &#233;crire. &#199;a aussi, &#231;a co&#251;te du temps. Je le paie volontairement.</p><p>Peut-&#234;tre qu&#8217;un algorithme vous montrera ce texte. Si un jour vous me croisez et que vous me dites que vous n&#8217;avez pas perdu votre temps en me lisant, &#231;a vaudra plus que des dizaines de <em>likes</em>. C&#8217;est le seul payoff que l&#8217;algorithme ne sait toujours pas mesurer.</p><div id="youtube2-yU_wLC0NlgU" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;yU_wLC0NlgU&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/yU_wLC0NlgU?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading Expect No Answer! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Le cabotinage, ça fait rire les gens]]></title><description><![CDATA[Sur le mim&#233;tisme, et le moment o&#249; on arr&#234;te d'&#234;tre original]]></description><link>https://substack.andreleger.com/p/le-cabotinage-ca-fait-rire-les-gens</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://substack.andreleger.com/p/le-cabotinage-ca-fait-rire-les-gens</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andre Leger]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 28 Jun 2026 20:52:41 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mW8u!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78f057da-2284-43aa-a241-56ccacd0b845_1408x768.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Au CEGEP, j'ai pris un cours de th&#233;&#226;tre. Un cours bidon, je pensais. Un jour, en r&#233;citant un passage lors d'un exercice en classe, j'ai sorti une r&#233;plique du groupe humoristique Rock et Belles Oreilles, une des lignes que j'avais en m&#233;moire.</p><p>Je ne me souviens plus de ce que j'ai dit exactement, mais ce n'&#233;tait pas de moi.</p><p>J'ai ri. Mes amis m'ont trouv&#233; dr&#244;le.</p><p>La prof m'a regard&#233;. Elle avait un franc-parler hors du commun, et aucun sens de l'humour que j'avais r&#233;ussi &#224; d&#233;celer.</p><p>Andr&#233;, tu ne seras jamais bon.</p><p>Je ne sais pas ce qui est le plus surprenant : que j'aie pris un cours de th&#233;&#226;tre, que je ne serais jamais bon, ou qu'une professeure ait dit le fond de sa pens&#233;e.</p><p>Elle avait raison, mais j'aurais tout de m&#234;me appr&#233;ci&#233; qu'elle ajoute quelques mots &#224; la fin, du genre &#171; au th&#233;&#226;tre &#187;, &#171; en tant que com&#233;dien &#187; ou m&#234;me &#171; en tant qu'&#233;tudiant dans un cours de th&#233;&#226;tre &#187;. Bref, j'ai fini la phrase pour elle.</p><p>J'avais assez de lucidit&#233; pour comprendre qu'elle parlait de ma performance. De mon cabotinage. De mes citations de RBO plac&#233;es dans un cadre o&#249; elles n'avaient pas d'affaire. De mes fous rires au mauvais moment.</p><p>Pas vraiment probl&#233;matique, pour le gars en administration des affaires qui voulait faire carri&#232;re en finance.</p><p>Le passage que je r&#233;citais venait d'une pi&#232;ce o&#249; Beckett &#233;tait un personnage. Vous ne connaissez pas Beckett? Moi non plus, je n'&#233;coutais pas. Je ne me souviens plus du titre, ni de grand-chose. Et c'est peut-&#234;tre &#231;a le probl&#232;me. Je cabotinais.</p><p>Beckett enlevait tout : le d&#233;cor, l'action, les r&#233;ponses. Du moins, c'est ce que ChatGPT m'a dit. J'ai fait mes recherches, quoi, et je ne l'ai pas lu, Beckett.</p><p>Voyez ce que je viens de faire. J'&#233;cris un texte sur le fait de servir ce qu'on n'a pas dig&#233;r&#233;, et je sers Beckett sans l'avoir ouvert. Avec RBO, au moins, je connaissais la source. L&#224;, je cr&#233;dite ChatGPT, qui n'a pas de source non plus. Je cabotine pendant que je vous explique le cabotinage.</p><p>Et moi, sur cette sc&#232;ne, je remplissais les silences avec des jokes vol&#233;es &#224; la t&#233;l&#233;vision.</p><p>Beckett enlevait. Je remplissais.</p><p>J'ai appris le mot cabotinage en regardant la Ligue nationale d'improvisation, dans les ann&#233;es 80. L&#224;, le cabotinage &#233;tait une p&#233;nalit&#233;. L'arbitre donnait un coup de gazou. En r&#233;sum&#233;, c'est faire r&#233;agir la galerie sans contribuer &#224; la sc&#232;ne.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mW8u!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78f057da-2284-43aa-a241-56ccacd0b845_1408x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mW8u!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78f057da-2284-43aa-a241-56ccacd0b845_1408x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mW8u!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78f057da-2284-43aa-a241-56ccacd0b845_1408x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mW8u!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78f057da-2284-43aa-a241-56ccacd0b845_1408x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mW8u!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78f057da-2284-43aa-a241-56ccacd0b845_1408x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mW8u!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78f057da-2284-43aa-a241-56ccacd0b845_1408x768.png" width="1408" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/78f057da-2284-43aa-a241-56ccacd0b845_1408x768.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1408,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1530428,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mW8u!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78f057da-2284-43aa-a241-56ccacd0b845_1408x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mW8u!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78f057da-2284-43aa-a241-56ccacd0b845_1408x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mW8u!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78f057da-2284-43aa-a241-56ccacd0b845_1408x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mW8u!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F78f057da-2284-43aa-a241-56ccacd0b845_1408x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">P&#233;nalit&#233; pour cabotinage, &#224; 2 minutes, 18 secondes.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Ma professeure &#233;tait une arbitre sans gazou. Elle a signal&#233; la p&#233;nalit&#233;.</p><p>Elle avait raison. Le cabotinage, &#231;a ne vaut pas grand-chose. Un rire, un sourire, pour un court moment.</p><p>Mais je veux &#234;tre juste.</p><p>Moi, au moins, je savais que c'en &#233;tait. Je savais que je faisais le clown, que je volais, que je remplissais le temps. Le danger n'est pas l&#224;. Il est chez celui qui cabotine en pensant faire de l'art.</p><p>Et imiter, c'est normal. C'est m&#234;me comme &#231;a qu'on apprend. L'enfant r&#233;p&#232;te. Le musicien copie ses idoles. L'apprenti refait les gestes du ma&#238;tre. Personne ne commence original. Le probl&#232;me n'est pas d'imiter. C'est de ne jamais en sortir.</p><p>RBO ne faisait pas que copier. Ils volaient des formes, des registres, des accents, et ils en faisaient autre chose. Beckett aussi, en enlevant tout. Les deux inventaient. Le cabotin, lui, ne fait que refl&#233;ter. Il prend ce qui marche ailleurs, il lui donne une saveur locale, son accent, et il r&#233;colte la r&#233;action comme si elle &#233;tait &#224; lui.</p><p>Mais faire le cabotin, c'est plus facile que jamais aujourd'hui.</p><p>Avant, quand je volais une joke de RBO, je volais quelque chose de vivant. La blague avait un auteur. Je savais de qui je la prenais. Mes amis connaissaient la r&#233;f&#233;rence. Je r&#233;p&#233;tais le contenu, je ne me l'appropriais pas.</p><p>Le m&#232;me, ce qu'on appelle un <em>meme</em> en anglais, a rendu &#231;a presque invisible.</p><p>C'est une id&#233;e qui fut originale une seule fois, recycl&#233;e &#224; l'infini jusqu'&#224; ce qu'elle n'appartienne plus &#224; personne. On ne vole plus une blague &#224; quelqu'un. On fait circuler un objet sans parent.</p><p>Il y a eu, un jour, une personne qui a eu l'id&#233;e. Puis elle a &#233;t&#233; copi&#233;e un million de fois, vid&#233;e de son auteur, jusqu'&#224; ce qu'il ne reste que la forme. On d&#233;ploie la forme. La forme fait rire toute seule.</p><p>Et plus personne ne se sent oblig&#233; de donner le cr&#233;dit. Pas par malice. Parce que l'objet du cr&#233;dit a disparu. On ne peut pas cr&#233;diter un m&#232;me. Il n'a plus de visage.</p><p>Avant, le plagiat n'&#233;tait pas une option. C'&#233;tait une faute grave, et on le savait. La g&#234;ne de copier, c'&#233;tait le signal qui nous disait ce n'est pas de toi. Le m&#232;me a d&#233;branch&#233; ce signal. On peut maintenant cabotiner par procuration toute la journ&#233;e, &#224; coup de formes emprunt&#233;es, sans jamais sentir qu'on emprunte.</p><p>Je ne suis pas com&#233;dien. Ma professeure me l'a dit, et elle avait raison.</p><p>Je ne suis pas essayiste non plus. Pas de formation, pas de titre, pas de permission.</p><p>Mais j'&#233;cris quand m&#234;me. Et je me dis que si j'apporte une id&#233;e &#224; moi, ce n'est plus tout &#224; fait du cabotinage.</p><p>Je me le dis. Je n'en suis pas certain.</p><p>Quelqu'un a &#233;crit un post contre un de mes textes. Dessous, deux hommes ont laiss&#233; un commentaire.</p><blockquote><p>&#171; Trop passer de temps &#224; &#233;tudier Aristote dans un cours de philosophie. &#187;</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>&#171; Y'en a &#233;crit long, que personne va lire. &#187;</p></blockquote><p>J'imagine qu'ils avaient lu, pour me le dire.</p><p>J'&#233;cris quand m&#234;me.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Le grand tarla a grandi ]]></title><description><![CDATA[C&#8217;est quoi, devenir un p&#232;re?]]></description><link>https://substack.andreleger.com/p/le-grand-tarla-a-grandi</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://substack.andreleger.com/p/le-grand-tarla-a-grandi</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andre Leger]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 21 Jun 2026 21:43:40 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVyK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F118f50d9-6257-4dc2-94e7-b94dde167c23_1024x560.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Un homme vend des casquettes sur Facebook.</p><p>Trois couleurs align&#233;es sur un dashboard, la rue derri&#232;re, une sc&#232;ne qui semble spontan&#233;e. Juste un post Facebook sur mon timeline, presque banal, comme on en voit passer tous les jours. Je vois ses posts souvent, un gars que j&#8217;ai rencontr&#233; une fois. Je ne savais pas vraiment que je ne le followais pas.</p><p>Sur ses casquettes, deux phrases brod&#233;es.</p><p><em>Never Listen.</em> <em>Be a man.</em></p><p><span>Il les vend pendant le mois de la sant&#233; mentale des hommes, et il les pr&#233;sente comme un cri de ralliement : n&#8217;&#233;coute jamais, sois un homme, oublie le bruit, &#231;a t&#8217;enl&#232;ve du pouvoir. Apprends &#224; n&#8217;&#233;couter que ton instinct. Le reste n&#8217;est que distraction.</span></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVyK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F118f50d9-6257-4dc2-94e7-b94dde167c23_1024x560.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVyK!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F118f50d9-6257-4dc2-94e7-b94dde167c23_1024x560.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVyK!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F118f50d9-6257-4dc2-94e7-b94dde167c23_1024x560.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVyK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F118f50d9-6257-4dc2-94e7-b94dde167c23_1024x560.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVyK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F118f50d9-6257-4dc2-94e7-b94dde167c23_1024x560.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVyK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F118f50d9-6257-4dc2-94e7-b94dde167c23_1024x560.jpeg" width="1024" height="560" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/118f50d9-6257-4dc2-94e7-b94dde167c23_1024x560.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:560,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:89960,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/i/203002695?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F118f50d9-6257-4dc2-94e7-b94dde167c23_1024x560.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVyK!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F118f50d9-6257-4dc2-94e7-b94dde167c23_1024x560.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVyK!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F118f50d9-6257-4dc2-94e7-b94dde167c23_1024x560.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVyK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F118f50d9-6257-4dc2-94e7-b94dde167c23_1024x560.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kVyK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F118f50d9-6257-4dc2-94e7-b94dde167c23_1024x560.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Mais quelque chose cloche avant m&#234;me qu&#8217;on ait besoin d&#8217;argumenter, parce que la casquette demande &#224; &#234;tre vue, la publication demande une r&#233;action, les commentaires arrivent, les c&#339;urs arrivent, les gens r&#233;pondent. Certains approuvent, d&#8217;autres rient, d&#8217;autres grincent des dents. M&#234;me celui qui dit <em>never listen</em> reste l&#224;, dans l&#8217;&#233;cho de ce qu&#8217;il vient de lancer.</p><p>Et d&#233;j&#224;, le slogan est bancal.</p><p>S&#8217;il fallait vraiment ne jamais &#233;couter, pourquoi publier? Pourquoi vendre? Pourquoi attendre que le monde r&#233;ponde? Il ne pr&#234;che pas le silence. Il fabrique une salle. Il ne coupe pas le bruit. Il choisit le bruit qui lui revient.</p><p>Je vois passer certaines de ses publications. Et au lieu de rire, ou de bloquer, je fais la seule chose que ses deux mots interdisent.</p><p>J&#8217;&#233;coute.</p><p>Il n&#8217;a pas besoin d&#8217;&#234;tre nomm&#233;. Le nom r&#233;duirait l&#8217;essai. Il en ferait une querelle locale, une attaque, un r&#232;glement de compte. Ce n&#8217;est pas &#231;a. L&#8217;homme est la bougie d&#8217;allumage, pas la cible.</p><p>Ce qui m&#8217;arr&#234;te, ce n&#8217;est pas un gars qui vend du merch avec un slogan. C&#8217;est que le slogan est exactement le contraire de ce que je crois. Une chose vivante reste vivante tant qu&#8217;elle re&#231;oit un signal et y r&#233;pond. La cellule lit son milieu. L&#8217;institution saine entend la correction. L&#8217;homme aussi, tant qu&#8217;il n&#8217;a pas abandonn&#233; la r&#233;ception.</p><p>Et voil&#224; quelqu&#8217;un qui brode sur une casquette l&#8217;instruction de refuser le signal, et qui la vend comme de la force.</p><p>J&#8217;ai d&#233;j&#224; entendu cet homme.</p><p>En 1993, Yvon Deschamps montait un num&#233;ro qu&#8217;il appelait <em>Les adolescents</em>. Le grand tarla. Un gar&#231;on de quinze ans qui ne parle plus vraiment, qui marmonne, qui r&#233;pond mal, qui se ferme sur lui-m&#234;me. Le p&#232;re parle de lui comme d&#8217;un mur. Pire qu&#8217;un mur, m&#234;me, parce qu&#8217;un mur, au moins, fait de l&#8217;&#233;cho.</p><p>Toute la salle riait du tarla.</p><p>Personne ne se demandait ce que l&#8217;ado avait &#224; dire. Personne ne cherchait &#224; d&#233;coder le grognement. On riait du jeune qui ne r&#233;pond plus.</p><p>Aujourd&#8217;hui, je le r&#233;&#233;coute, et je ris encore. Mais &#231;a fait mal. C&#8217;est le m&#234;me monologue. Ce n&#8217;est plus le m&#234;me rire.</p><p>Le plus sourd, dans la cuisine, ce n&#8217;&#233;tait peut-&#234;tre pas le jeune.</p><p>J&#8217;imagine ce que le jeune est devenu aujourd&#8217;hui, avec son garage, son &#233;tabli, ses outils qu&#8217;il appelle sacr&#233;s. Il n&#8217;est plus seulement celui qui marmonnait dans la cuisine. Il est devenu l&#8217;homme dans la pi&#232;ce, peut-&#234;tre un p&#232;re maintenant. Celui qui parle. Celui qui d&#233;cide quel bruit compte, et lequel ne m&#233;rite pas d&#8217;entrer.</p><p>Le vieux tarla peut finir par assumer l'autre r&#244;le : l'incompris devenu sourd. Ce n&#8217;est pas une accusation. C&#8217;est une possibilit&#233; humaine. On durcit souvent l&#224; o&#249; &#231;a a saign&#233;. On peut apprendre que le monde ne nous entend pas, puis finir par appeler notre fermeture de la force.</p><p>Deschamps a &#233;crit la premi&#232;re moiti&#233; de cette vie.</p><p>J&#8217;imagine la suite, &#224; ma fa&#231;on.</p><p>Une cellule qui n&#8217;entend plus les signaux qui devraient la ralentir ou l&#8217;arr&#234;ter peut continuer &#224; cro&#238;tre comme si le tissu autour d&#8217;elle ne parlait plus.</p><p>Vue de l&#8217;int&#233;rieur, &#231;a ressemble &#224; une force. Quelque chose qu&#8217;on ne peut pas briser.</p><p>La m&#233;decine a un nom pour cette rupture.</p><p>Cancer.</p><p>Je ne pose pas ce mot sur un homme. Je le pose sur le geste, sur la devise, sur cette id&#233;e qu&#8217;on peut prendre la perte de r&#233;ception et l&#8217;appeler du caract&#232;re.</p><p>Le slogan trahit peut-&#234;tre son origine parce qu&#8217;il lui manque un mot.</p><p>La phrase compl&#232;te n&#8217;est peut-&#234;tre pas <em>never listen</em>.</p><p>C&#8217;est peut-&#234;tre <em>you never listen</em>.</p><p>Dite par quelqu&#8217;un qu&#8217;on aime. Par quelqu&#8217;un qui a essay&#233; longtemps. Par quelqu&#8217;un qui a fini par ne plus savoir comment passer.</p><p>On efface le <em>you</em> et on brode le reste.</p><p>La plainte devient un commandement. Ce qui nous &#233;tait reproch&#233; devient une marque. Ce qui blessait l&#8217;autre devient une preuve de caract&#232;re.</p><p>Et pourtant, on attend encore la r&#233;ponse. La salle r&#233;pond. C&#8217;est m&#234;me pour &#231;a qu&#8217;elle existe.</p><p>On peut m&#234;me en venir &#224; vendre la surdit&#233; tout en ayant encore besoin d&#8217;&#233;cho.</p><p>M&#234;me trou. Autre bruit.</p><p>C&#8217;est ici qu&#8217;il faut lui donner raison, &#224; moiti&#233;.</p><p>Dans sa meilleure version, <em>never listen</em> ne veut peut-&#234;tre pas dire : n&#8217;entends personne. &#199;a veut peut-&#234;tre dire : reste vigilant, ne sois pas une proie.</p><p>L&#8217;hymne de ma g&#233;n&#233;ration disait exactement &#231;a : <em>Fuck you, I won&#8217;t do what you tell me.</em> Rage Against the Machine. Une rage contre l&#8217;autorit&#233;, contre l&#8217;uniforme, contre tout ce qui parle trop fort et appelle &#231;a une r&#232;gle.</p><p>Cette rage-l&#224;, je la comprends. On a grandi avec cette m&#233;fiance. On ne voulait pas se faire dire quoi penser, quoi aimer, quoi devenir. On ne voulait pas &#234;tre contr&#244;l&#233;s. Encore moins dress&#233;s. Surtout pas dompt&#233;s.</p><p>Le probl&#232;me commence quand on finit par croire que toute voix qui nous atteint essaie de faire une de ces trois choses.</p><p>La correction. La fatigue de quelqu&#8217;un qui t&#8217;aime. Une plainte. Un enfant qui essaie de passer.</p><p>Quand tout devient du contr&#244;le, on ne refuse plus seulement d&#8217;ob&#233;ir; on refuse d&#8217;entendre.</p><p>Et ce n&#8217;est plus de la libert&#233;. C&#8217;est une membrane blind&#233;e.</p><p>&#201;couter peut vouloir dire ob&#233;ir, se soumettre, se laisser dicter sa direction par la peur, par la mode, par la foule, par le bruit des autres. De &#231;a, on a raison de se m&#233;fier.</p><p>Mais entendre est autre chose.</p><p>Entendre, c&#8217;est laisser le signal passer la membrane. Le recevoir sans forc&#233;ment s&#8217;y soumettre. Ce n&#8217;est pas se d&#233;tacher, c&#8217;est rester pr&#233;sent &#224; ce qui se passe.</p><p>Le danger commence quand, &#224; force de ne plus vouloir &#234;tre contr&#244;l&#233;, on ne sait plus comment entendre.</p><p>Alors j&#8217;essaie de faire ce que personne ne semblait faire pour le tarla en 1993. J&#8217;essaie de d&#233;coder le grognement.</p><p>Je ne nomme pas l&#8217;homme, je ne l&#8217;expose pas, je ne le r&#233;duis pas &#224; sa casquette, je ne viens pas lui dire quoi penser, quoi vendre, quoi devenir. J&#8217;essaie seulement de dire : je t&#8217;entends.</p><p>Pas pour qu&#8217;il m&#8217;&#233;coute. Pour qu&#8217;il m&#8217;entende. Une fois. Que le signal passe la membrane une seule fois, et lui appartienne ensuite.</p><p>Le fait m&#234;me qu&#8217;il cherche une r&#233;action dit d&#233;j&#224; que <em>never listen</em> n&#8217;a jamais &#233;t&#233; vrai. Personne ne vend une casquette &#224; un monde qui n&#8217;entend rien. On ne veut pas cesser d&#8217;&#234;tre entendu, et l&#224;, on se reconna&#238;t peut-&#234;tre un peu. On recherche la m&#234;me chose.</p><p>Aujourd&#8217;hui, on f&#234;te les p&#232;res.</p><p>Et c&#8217;est peut-&#234;tre l&#224; que le texte devient plus lourd. Parce que le grand tarla ne reste pas toujours un adolescent. Un jour, il devient l&#8217;homme dans la pi&#232;ce. Il devient celui &#224; qui un enfant parle. Celui qui peut ouvrir la porte, ou lui apprendre, sans le vouloir, que parler ne sert &#224; rien.</p><p>On ne transmet pas seulement ce qu&#8217;on dit. On transmet aussi ce qu&#8217;on refuse d&#8217;entendre.</p><p>Pas dans les grands discours. Pas dans les slogans. Pas sur une casquette.</p><p>Dans la seconde exacte o&#249; quelqu&#8217;un nous parle, on peut entendre les mots sans laisser entrer ce qu&#8217;ils portent.</p><p>Et je ne sais pas, certains jours, lequel des deux je suis.</p><p></p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[You Were the Loan]]></title><description><![CDATA[The financial industry has marketing departments too. How responsibility, development, and diversification become collateral.]]></description><link>https://substack.andreleger.com/p/you-were-the-loan</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://substack.andreleger.com/p/you-were-the-loan</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andre Leger]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 08 Jun 2026 23:01:38 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p54-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F717e3b0b-7237-4003-ae12-0de3ed3e665b_960x540.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I first came across Rory Sutherland in the summer of 2023, after hearing him on Rick Rubin&#8217;s Tetragrammaton. I picked up <em>Alchemy</em> soon after, then went back to it two or three times. Not because I wanted a marketing book, but because Sutherland seemed to understand something most business books miss: people do not make decisions only because the numbers tell them to.</p><p>The financial industry understands this too. It sells personas before it sells products.</p><p>One thing stayed with me. As a senior advertising executive at Ogilvy UK, Sutherland favoured hiring psychology students over business school types. The logic was clean: business students are trained to optimize what already exists, while psychology students are trained to understand why anyone wants it optimized in the first place.</p><p>Psychology graduates were also less demanding in terms of remuneration. The MBA would celebrate this as a cost-efficient operating model. Labour arbitrage opportunity. Optimized human capital allocation. The vocabulary of celebrating one&#8217;s own irrelevance.</p><p>Sutherland&#8217;s approach was not to start with the product. It was to understand the behaviours people recognize in themselves, then build the persona they would want to step into. That is not a master plan in the cinematic sense. Most marketing plans fail. The ones we remember are the ones that survived long enough to look inevitable. They tickled the right fancy, gathered the right crowd, and reached a tipping point.</p><p>The financial industry has its own frames: the prudent saver, the responsible diversifier, the believer in the future. These personas were fine-tuned for us to recognize, admire, then aspire to. The effect is to create a quiet psychological discomfort when we do not reach for one. This is marketing.</p><p>That matters because finance is rarely sold as greed. It is sold as responsibility. Development. Stability. Diversification. Access. A better future. The tragedy starts when those words become doors into arrangements that extract from citizens while telling them they are being taken care of.</p><p>For a real financial expert, diversifying a portfolio is serious work. There are research papers, mathematical models, considerations of sectors and businesses and the interconnections between them. The math is complicated and the interconnectivity is overwhelming. It feels like science, but diversification is often art justified with numbers. This is why it is often called investment philosophy, not investment science.</p><p>Warren Buffett is obviously a real person, but he is also a persona. The first is in Omaha studying companies. The second is in your inbox selling you a newsletter, a fund, a book, a course, a feeling about being smart with your money. Both exist. Only one is selling</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7yZu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd99c4129-0dc1-46b7-a6da-c04c51b22435_640x386.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7yZu!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd99c4129-0dc1-46b7-a6da-c04c51b22435_640x386.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7yZu!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd99c4129-0dc1-46b7-a6da-c04c51b22435_640x386.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7yZu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd99c4129-0dc1-46b7-a6da-c04c51b22435_640x386.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7yZu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd99c4129-0dc1-46b7-a6da-c04c51b22435_640x386.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7yZu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd99c4129-0dc1-46b7-a6da-c04c51b22435_640x386.jpeg" width="640" height="386" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d99c4129-0dc1-46b7-a6da-c04c51b22435_640x386.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:386,&quot;width&quot;:640,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:59974,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://expectnoanswer.substack.com/i/201161908?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd99c4129-0dc1-46b7-a6da-c04c51b22435_640x386.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7yZu!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd99c4129-0dc1-46b7-a6da-c04c51b22435_640x386.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7yZu!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd99c4129-0dc1-46b7-a6da-c04c51b22435_640x386.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7yZu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd99c4129-0dc1-46b7-a6da-c04c51b22435_640x386.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7yZu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd99c4129-0dc1-46b7-a6da-c04c51b22435_640x386.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Warren Buffett, the man, the persona.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Beware, personas are not descriptions: they are doors presented to you. They sell you an idea, a vision, a finished version of yourself. The pitch ends when you open the door. By the time you ask, you are already inside.</p><p>This essay uses personas to deconstruct the illusion. A teacher in Buenos Aires in 1985. A founder in Dakar in 2026. An engineer in the Bay Area in the near future.</p><h2>Buenos Aires, 1985</h2><p>In 1985, a teacher in Buenos Aires gets her paycheck. It is larger than the previous one, but barely enough to catch up to prices that seem to move faster than her salary. She experienced what is known as hyperinflation: the daily price increase of groceries, the unavailability of durable goods, the diminishing purchasing power of her pension, and the growing stack of bills in her hand. To illustrate, monthly inflation had just hit thirty percent, quietly eating her purchasing power before she could even deposit her paycheck.</p><p>Argentina had been prosperous in the early twentieth century, with per capita income among the highest in the world. Then the economy stalled in the 1930s, coinciding with the Great Depression.</p><p>The country needed to reinvest in its decaying infrastructure and modernize productive capacity. The capital required for this had long been expensive and tightly rationed.</p><h3>The petrodollar windfall that changed everything</h3><p>A defining moment came in 1973, when the oil-producing countries, under the OPEC cartel, quadrupled prices. Western banks filled with U.S. dollars: the petrodollars. The same price hike severely slowed developed economies and weakened domestic credit demand.</p><p>This will sound counterintuitive, but the petrodollars came in as a windfall for Argentina: the World Bank was now able to provide credit to finance the capital investment it needed to reinvigorate the economy. For context, the World Bank is governed by wealthy creditor nations and is instrumental in routing capital from surplus countries into debtor economies.</p><p>Banks holding petrodollars had a strong appetite to lend, or else the dollars would just be unproductive assets on their books. Argentina and other Latin American countries now qualified as borrowers at scale. The loans flowed because borrowing was relatively cheap and more specifically available.</p><p>Alas, the touted economic turnaround never materialized. In 1979, the U.S. Federal Reserve raised interest rates in its own fight against inflation. For a moment, rates rose well above 20 percent. The dollar rose with them. Argentina&#8217;s loans were payable in dollars, but more importantly, they were floating-rate loans tied to U.S. interest rates, meaning the payments were variable. The result: the cost of servicing them tripled. That was not part of Argentina&#8217;s budget, nor forecast. The peso had to be devalued to keep up. In 1982, Argentina could no longer pay back what it owed to foreign banks and defaulted. Mexico had paved the way months before.</p><p>As a side note, it is usually bad financial practice to service a debt in a currency other than the one you earn in. Argentina cleanly demonstrated why.</p><p>Then came the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to manage the default on behalf of the lending banks. The IMF had been created in 1944 as part of the Bretton Woods system, to help countries that ran out of foreign currency to pay their international obligations.</p><p>By the 1980s, its mandate had changed. The IMF was the institution that arrived after a default to convert a country&#8217;s unpaid debt into enforceable terms. The terms were consistent across cases: devalue the currency to make the country&#8217;s exports cheaper, cut public spending to free money for repayment, privatize state assets to generate dollars for reimbursement. Citizens then lost subsidies on fuel and food and electricity. Wages were compressed.</p><p>The logic is familiar from the game Monopoly: when the cash runs out, the assets start moving to whoever still has money.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pRFT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3802a2ee-4ad9-411a-96b8-d82fff034843_960x638.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pRFT!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3802a2ee-4ad9-411a-96b8-d82fff034843_960x638.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pRFT!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3802a2ee-4ad9-411a-96b8-d82fff034843_960x638.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pRFT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3802a2ee-4ad9-411a-96b8-d82fff034843_960x638.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pRFT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3802a2ee-4ad9-411a-96b8-d82fff034843_960x638.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pRFT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3802a2ee-4ad9-411a-96b8-d82fff034843_960x638.jpeg" width="960" height="638" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3802a2ee-4ad9-411a-96b8-d82fff034843_960x638.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:638,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:82741,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://expectnoanswer.substack.com/i/201161908?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3802a2ee-4ad9-411a-96b8-d82fff034843_960x638.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pRFT!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3802a2ee-4ad9-411a-96b8-d82fff034843_960x638.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pRFT!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3802a2ee-4ad9-411a-96b8-d82fff034843_960x638.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pRFT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3802a2ee-4ad9-411a-96b8-d82fff034843_960x638.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pRFT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3802a2ee-4ad9-411a-96b8-d82fff034843_960x638.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Monopoly. When the cash runs out, the assets move. Photo: Rich Brooks (CC BY 2.0).</figcaption></figure></div><p>Argentina was forced to resolve the situation because the alternative was being cut off from dollar liquidity entirely. Resolving the debt issue with the IMF was necessary before the World Bank could resume the lending program. Many infrastructure projects were significantly advanced but not yet completed. There was no alternate path other than economic isolation.</p><p>The teacher&#8217;s currency lost value because the country had borrowed dollars to build infrastructure that came in late, came in incomplete, or came in at many times the promised cost. The lending contracts required the involvement of specific international firms (consulting, engineering, construction, etc.). Unfortunately, the dollars did not stay in the local economy to create the growth that was supposed to repay the loan. The full debt stayed on the country&#8217;s books.</p><p>The real tragedy: the pension the teacher had paid into for thirty years melted away, along with her buying power. She had not borrowed money from a foreign bank. She had not seen a penny of it, while she would spend the rest of her life paying for it. She had invested her time in her country, and the country failed her.</p><h2>Dakar, 2026</h2><p>Senegal was supposed to be the counterexample: stable, democratic, investable, the kind of country where the diaspora could return home and build.</p><p>What follows is a live example of the same trap.</p><p>In 2024, a young entrepreneur returns to Dakar to launch a digital payments company. She had grown up in Senegal, studied abroad, and built her career in finance in Europe. She came home because the country seemed to offer a proper business environment for what she wanted to build. International firms wanting a presence in Africa had chosen Dakar as the stable ground to service the continent. The technology sector was booming. Talent was strong, both homegrown and returning. The economy was prospering. Public infrastructure was developing.</p><p>I was in Dakar in February 2026. I heard on the local news that Senegal was &#8220;in talks&#8221; with the IMF. I knew what that meant</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KZyS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16efe5ee-4cd3-420d-a4f6-f6eb2b462e9e_4000x2252.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KZyS!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16efe5ee-4cd3-420d-a4f6-f6eb2b462e9e_4000x2252.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KZyS!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16efe5ee-4cd3-420d-a4f6-f6eb2b462e9e_4000x2252.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KZyS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16efe5ee-4cd3-420d-a4f6-f6eb2b462e9e_4000x2252.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KZyS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16efe5ee-4cd3-420d-a4f6-f6eb2b462e9e_4000x2252.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KZyS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16efe5ee-4cd3-420d-a4f6-f6eb2b462e9e_4000x2252.jpeg" width="1456" height="820" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/16efe5ee-4cd3-420d-a4f6-f6eb2b462e9e_4000x2252.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:820,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:7768094,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://expectnoanswer.substack.com/i/201161908?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16efe5ee-4cd3-420d-a4f6-f6eb2b462e9e_4000x2252.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KZyS!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16efe5ee-4cd3-420d-a4f6-f6eb2b462e9e_4000x2252.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KZyS!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16efe5ee-4cd3-420d-a4f6-f6eb2b462e9e_4000x2252.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KZyS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16efe5ee-4cd3-420d-a4f6-f6eb2b462e9e_4000x2252.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KZyS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F16efe5ee-4cd3-420d-a4f6-f6eb2b462e9e_4000x2252.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Dakar, February 2026.</figcaption></figure></div><h3>The hidden number</h3><p>Something happened in 2026 that drastically changed her business environment.</p><p>The newly elected President Faye&#8217;s promised public finance audit discovered seven billion U.S. dollars in hidden debt. The country&#8217;s true debt was now 132 percent of GDP, not the 74 percent that had been reported by his predecessor.</p><p>The hidden debt had not been invented. It had simply been spread across project loans, state enterprises, and off-budget accounts that the official figures never consolidated. It was deemed a conscious decision by the previous administration to underestimate the debt stock.</p><p>No good deed goes unpunished: the IMF froze its 1.8 billion dollar lending program. Senegal&#8217;s sovereign bonds dropped sharply. The president dissolved the government. That was the political consequence, which worsened the economic outlook.</p><p>For our young entrepreneur, the consequence immediately surfaced in the next funding conversation. Her investors were now applying a new risk discount. The country itself had not changed overnight. The audit had only made the hidden number visible. Her work, her time, her investment, her ambition, all now devalued by the market.</p><p>Same trap as in Buenos Aires, four decades later. The people inside the persona are doing the same work, providing the same value, but the market &#8220;corrected&#8221; their worth.</p><h2>The Bay Area, in the near future</h2><p>Sometime in the near future, an engineer in the Bay Area checks his retirement balance. The number is smaller than expected.</p><p>He works at Microsoft. He has been there ten years. His base salary is high by any standard outside the few zip codes around him. Every three months, part of his pay comes in company stock. His financial advisor told him to diversify, sell the stock as soon as possible, with the objective of not having all his eggs in the same basket. The advisor recommended some of the major index funds, including the S&amp;P 500. He followed the advice.</p><h3>The illusion of diversification</h3><p>Let&#8217;s look at the S&amp;P 500, the most popular index fund, which owns shares in roughly five hundred of the largest public corporations listed in the U.S. This investment vehicle simulates direct ownership in Microsoft (approximately 5 percent of the index). It also holds Apple, Alphabet, Amazon, Meta, Nvidia, and Tesla. When SpaceX goes public, it will not be in the S&amp;P 500. The committee has refused to fast-track it... for now.</p><p>But Nasdaq did. The Nasdaq-100 will absorb it within weeks. Retail allocation absorbs it on day one. The system has multiple paths.</p><p>The S&amp;P committee can still change its mind. The gatekeeper held the line, but the machinery routed around it anyway.</p><p>His employer is in the index. His employer&#8217;s customers are in the index. His employer&#8217;s suppliers are in the index. He diversified away from Microsoft by buying the universe Microsoft was inside. Expecting to diversify, his exposure simply changed shape. The marketing sells diversification with the boast of owning a share of corporate America.</p><p>From a strict financial perspective, this is not proper diversification by any account. Especially for our engineer who works for Microsoft. His mortgage compounds the problem. He bought at the height of the market at the highest rate in decades. The mortgage payment is fixed every month. The income that covers it is not. The base salary alone falls short. The stock covers the difference. If the stock falls, the mortgage does not.</p><p>A serious financial review would recognize the mismatch: variable income, fixed debt. Many of the people selling financial products to retail customers will not be bothered by that. They are not paid to do the analysis. They are paid to distribute the products that the financial analysis would have flagged for our engineer. This is exacerbated by self-directed investing apps that allow people to cut the intermediary. You spend weeks shopping for a new fridge, then move far more money in minutes because the persona inspired you.</p><h2>Meanwhile, June 2026</h2><p>This next part contains financial arithmetic, but it matters. Stay with me.</p><p>At the time of this writing, SpaceX is expected to go public in June 2026 at a targeted valuation of 1.75 trillion U.S. dollars. The company lost 4.28 billion U.S. dollars in the previous quarter. To justify the valuation at a 20x earnings multiple, SpaceX would need to generate roughly 87 billion dollars in annual profit. Comparable to Apple, one of the most profitable companies in human history.</p><p>No serious financial analysis would defend this valuation. A company losing billions is not casually assumed to out-earn Apple. The number does not have to be correct for the market to accept it. It only has to be large enough for the machinery to absorb it.</p><p>If you&#8217;re still with me but lost, what I&#8217;m trying to say is this: the planned SpaceX stock market entrance is just plain nuts on valuation.</p><p>The distribution tells the same story. Up to thirty percent of the offering is being directed toward retail investors. The historical norm is closer to five or ten. Fidelity lowered the account threshold to two thousand dollars. Robinhood, Schwab, SoFi, E*Trade, and other self-directed investing apps are part of the machinery. This is not incidental access. It is distribution design.</p><p>The marketing seduction also reaches across asset classes. Bitcoin dropped from 74,000 to a recent low of 60,000 U.S. dollars at the time of writing. I read this as exit liquidity rotation: retail selling one future-facing asset to buy the next one. This is my call, and I could be wrong. But the same persona that bought Bitcoin as the future of money is now buying space as the future of everything. The asset changed. The persona did not.</p><p>The institutional buyer sees a valuation. The household sees a door: space rockets, Mars, innovation, the future, all packaged in a company you were never destined to own. That is the frame. The arithmetic did not disappear. It was packaged.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p54-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F717e3b0b-7237-4003-ae12-0de3ed3e665b_960x540.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p54-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F717e3b0b-7237-4003-ae12-0de3ed3e665b_960x540.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p54-!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F717e3b0b-7237-4003-ae12-0de3ed3e665b_960x540.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p54-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F717e3b0b-7237-4003-ae12-0de3ed3e665b_960x540.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p54-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F717e3b0b-7237-4003-ae12-0de3ed3e665b_960x540.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p54-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F717e3b0b-7237-4003-ae12-0de3ed3e665b_960x540.jpeg" width="960" height="540" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/717e3b0b-7237-4003-ae12-0de3ed3e665b_960x540.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:540,&quot;width&quot;:960,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:84087,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://expectnoanswer.substack.com/i/201161908?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F717e3b0b-7237-4003-ae12-0de3ed3e665b_960x540.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p54-!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F717e3b0b-7237-4003-ae12-0de3ed3e665b_960x540.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p54-!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F717e3b0b-7237-4003-ae12-0de3ed3e665b_960x540.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p54-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F717e3b0b-7237-4003-ae12-0de3ed3e665b_960x540.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!p54-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F717e3b0b-7237-4003-ae12-0de3ed3e665b_960x540.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">When you have a good marketing budget, you can send it into space. Starman, on the way to Mars. SpaceX, February 2018.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Here is the mechanism: the index buys the stock once the stock qualifies for the index. Retirement contributions buy the index because the index is the prudent default. Retail buyers buy the story because the story was packaged for them. The inflow supports the price. The price supports the weight. The weight attracts more inflow. Closed loops do not correct themselves. They amplify until something outside the loop breaks the pattern. In plain terms, it is a microphone pointed at an amp at full volume.</p><p>The engineer thought he was prudent. He thought he was diversifying. He thought the house was an asset. The advisor told him each of these things and he followed the advice. The advice was what the financial industry tells every person in his position to do.</p><p>The financial industry has marketing departments too. Trillions in assets do not market themselves. The advice was correct inside the system that produced it. The advice did not show him that following it placed him at the centre of the system rather than at the edge of it.</p><p>They sold you 500 companies. They delivered concentration in seven, including the one that already pays your salary.</p><p>The engineer bought the persona. A financial professional should recognize the mismatch: fixed obligations, variable income, and a mispriced asset packaged as diversification.</p><p>No one reads the fine print. The people who build the persona know that. They make sure you recognize yourself before you understand the investment you have accepted.</p><h2>The Collateral</h2><p>The teacher in Buenos Aires, the founder in Dakar, and the engineer in the Bay Area are in the same position. Different decade. Different country. Different class. Same ownership. Argentina owed the bank, and the bank owned Argentina through the repayment terms. Senegal owed the fund, and the fund froze the programme through its compliance terms. The engineer gave his money to the S&amp;P, and the magnificent seven own him through the allocation terms.</p><p>The system takes from one side and pays the other. The teacher's labour produced dollar surplus that serviced debt held by people whose accounts she would never see. The engineer's monthly buying gives the early investor billionaire an exit: market liquidity to sell his shares. The entrepreneur's value was repriced by the same market that benefited from her work. All three are inside the system. Only one side is paying for it to continue.</p><p>This is not a story about bad bankers in 1985 or bad index committees in 2026. The people inside the system ran the methods the system rewarded. No one planned the trap. It emerged from each actor responding to the incentives in front of them. It is not a market call. The unwind may arrive next year. It may arrive in ten years. The argument does not depend on timing. The argument is about who owns whom inside an arrangement that never tells anyone who owns whom.</p><p>The teacher, the entrepreneur, and the engineer thought they were doing what they were supposed to do, in good faith, inside the personas they had stepped into. Their value did not diminish, and their work did not become less real, but the terms changed around them. The system claimed the collateral, and their equity evaporated.</p><p>The system does not lend to the household so much as it borrows from it, calling caution participation until losses arrive and the collateral is taken away as if it were simply the normal settlement of accounts.</p><p>What stayed with me after listening to Rick Rubin and Rory Sutherland is that human decisions often begin before the numbers. The frame comes first. The numbers arrive later to explain why the choice felt reasonable. In finance, that gap becomes dangerous: the frame sells responsibility, while the contract organizes absorption.</p><p>That is why the persona matters. The system sells us the persona before it sells us the investment. We step into it because it feels safe and responsible: the prudent saver, the responsible diversifier, the believer in the future. The investment itself is not part of the pitch. By the time it becomes visible, the persona has already done its work.</p><p>We thought we were choosing a financial strategy. We were accepting a place in the marketing plan.</p><p>We are the collateral, and we are on auto-pay.</p><p>The opt-out is buried in the fine print.</p><p></p><div><hr></div><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading Expect No Answer! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Gospel of the Instrument]]></title><description><![CDATA[You will read this essay on an electronic device. That is fine. Hallelujah. The instrument worked as intended.]]></description><link>https://substack.andreleger.com/p/the-gospel-of-the-instrument</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://substack.andreleger.com/p/the-gospel-of-the-instrument</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andre Leger]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 19 May 2026 23:16:05 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HXC3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38709bc5-62c0-4e38-a5cf-58d1f7b862d9_2833x1720.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I read this week about a cold water immersion retreat in the mountains of central Europe. I had never heard of it before. The scale of the operation was astounding, the testimonials striking. People arrive with chronic conditions and leave reporting dramatic improvement. The protocol is elaborate, extending past cold thermogenesis to clean eating, fresh air, daily walks, and rest.</p><p>It caught my attention because I do cold plunges too. It makes winter more tolerable.</p><p>The retreat&#8217;s founder has no medical credentials. He grew up on a farm and healed himself after cheating death in an accident the local doctor said was usually fatal. He offered the therapy to others, then proceeded to build a practice inspired by his protocol. The medical establishment dismissed him for years, but the clientele kept coming.</p><p>The business prospered. In a single year, the retreat hosted a reigning monarch, a duke and duchess, twenty-two princes, one hundred and forty-nine counts and countesses, and thousands of regular subscribers.</p><p>The retreat is called Gr&#228;fenberg. It opened in 1822. The founder was Vincenz Priessnitz. The mountains are in Austrian Silesia, in what is now the Czech Republic.</p><p>Sorry for the mind fuck. There is a point to all this.</p><p>When Priessnitz died in 1851, his protocol had spread across Europe. Twenty hydropathic establishments opened in Britain alone. American physicians made the journey to Gr&#228;fenberg and brought it home.</p><p>Priessnitz was the precursor of what became the wellness industry.</p><p>Some years later, a new wellness empire was born in North America, specifically in Battle Creek, Michigan. The Kellogg brothers started a sanitarium together, and one of them referred to himself as a health evangelist. The treatments were Priessnitz-inspired: hydrotherapy, vegetarian diet, fresh air, daily movement, rest. Their patients included Rockefellers, Fords, Edisons, and four US presidents.</p><p>You probably recognized the names Kellogg and Battle Creek. The Kellogg brothers developed the ready-to-eat breakfast cereal for their retreat, then commercialized it, launching another massive industry. Like a lot of kids my age, my breakfast reading was the cereal box. That is where I first learned about Battle Creek, Michigan.</p><p>Fast forward to today, the global wellness industry is worth nearly seven trillion dollars. Larger than the sports and pharmaceutical industries combined.</p><p>With social media, we are now exposed to more lifestyle and tech evangelists, selling their programs and philosophies, their services, their life-changing solutions. I call these figures Instrumental Evangelists. The word Instrumental matters: we keep building better tools, stronger systems, faster protocols. Even with what they promise, they do not give us better judgment. The Instrumental Evangelist is the person who preaches the instrument as if it could solve the deeper problem, maybe even transform you.</p><p>Big ideas tend to follow the same path. Someone notices something that works, and others begin to gather around the practice. At first, the exchange is alive. Literature circulates, recipes are shared, perspectives are written, and the thing itself remains the point.</p><p>Then the product is packaged, and a philosophy starts to form around it. The philosophy attracts followers; followers require doctrine; doctrine eventually needs a spokesperson. That is when the evangelist builds the church.</p><p>The business model wins, not necessarily the original intent. Apple is the clearest example.</p><p>Steve Wozniak started in the early 70s by drawing computers with a pencil and paper, even before he could afford to build them. In high school he had drawn hundreds of them, turning the work into a game. The rule he set for himself: can I design the same computer this month with fewer chips than last month? He did it over and over, redesigning machines he had no means to build, sharpening what he could see on the page. The redesigns were not meant for customers; they were not for a company he wanted to start. Leaving his dream job at Hewlett-Packard was never his plan. He designed them for the discipline of doing the work better than he had done it last month. Paper was cheap. Components were not.</p><p>He explained the reason later, in his own words: he wanted engineers to look at his designs and say, whoa, what a brilliant engineer. He wanted respect from his peers. He was not looking to build a following; he was building a piece of work where other engineers could recognize his talents.</p><p>When he walked into the Homebrew Computer Club in 1975, in the era of kit computers, he was doing the same thing he had done on paper in high school. He brought the Apple I schematics. He handed them out. He wanted to share with the members, show what he had accomplished.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HXC3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38709bc5-62c0-4e38-a5cf-58d1f7b862d9_2833x1720.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HXC3!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38709bc5-62c0-4e38-a5cf-58d1f7b862d9_2833x1720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HXC3!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38709bc5-62c0-4e38-a5cf-58d1f7b862d9_2833x1720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HXC3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38709bc5-62c0-4e38-a5cf-58d1f7b862d9_2833x1720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HXC3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38709bc5-62c0-4e38-a5cf-58d1f7b862d9_2833x1720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HXC3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38709bc5-62c0-4e38-a5cf-58d1f7b862d9_2833x1720.jpeg" width="1456" height="884" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/38709bc5-62c0-4e38-a5cf-58d1f7b862d9_2833x1720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:884,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3945788,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://expectnoanswer.substack.com/i/198424245?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38709bc5-62c0-4e38-a5cf-58d1f7b862d9_2833x1720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HXC3!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38709bc5-62c0-4e38-a5cf-58d1f7b862d9_2833x1720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HXC3!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38709bc5-62c0-4e38-a5cf-58d1f7b862d9_2833x1720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HXC3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38709bc5-62c0-4e38-a5cf-58d1f7b862d9_2833x1720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HXC3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38709bc5-62c0-4e38-a5cf-58d1f7b862d9_2833x1720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Apple I at the Smithsonian Museum. Photo by <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/rebelpilot/1175183/">rebelpilot on Flickr</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/">CC BY-SA 2.0</a>.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Steve Jobs was at the meetings. He saw the same schematics, but he read them differently. He saw a product the world would buy. Where Wozniak saw a machine other engineers could understand, Jobs saw a philosophy that could be named around it. The two of them founded Apple Computer together in 1976. Wozniak designed and built the machines. Jobs built the image and the company.</p><p>They had a serious disagreement on what the next machine should be. Wozniak wanted the Apple II open, with expansion slots so other engineers could build on what he had made. Jobs wanted it closed. He wanted the experience controlled by the company. Wozniak won the first round. He did not win many after that.</p><p>Jobs saw the paradigm shift and built the church around it.</p><p>The name needed followers. The followers needed someone to convert them. But Apple needed developers to create software for its platform. In 1983, it hired Guy Kawasaki as a Software Evangelist. The title was lifted from the church without irony. Nobody at the company thought twice. The product was the gospel. The customer was the convert. The skeptic was the infidel.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>My father brought home an Apple IIe when I was eleven. I learned to work on a machine with expansion slots, a cover you could open to peek inside. The cool part was the computer games, as you only needed blank 5&#188;&#8221; diskettes and friends with the same machine. The games were cracked by someone who had figured out how, and we passed them around. The FBI never did find us, despite all their warnings. The culture trusted you to share what you had. <em>Donne au suivant.</em></p><p>In hindsight, I was a user, not a convert. Later in the 1980s my parents bought a PC compatible. By then, the Mac was for designers and art students. PC was where the work was, and where university was, at least in my world. I spent the next decade and a half inside the Microsoft ecosystem, upgrading one version at a time, starting with Windows 3.11.</p><p>After years on PC, around 2008 I bought a Mac Pro tower. And when I bought my first smartphone I chose a Samsung Galaxy running Android over the iPhone. The iPhone was for consumers, fully packaged. I wanted a device for users, configurable from the inside. Samsung used to be that device. It is not anymore. Companies do not have principles. The business model wins.</p><p>What was once free became packaged, then sold back at a premium. Modern industry runs the same play. The cold plunge sells us back the swim, deconstructed, for a fee. Breathwork. Cold exposure. Sunlight exposure. Grounding. Vagus nerve stimulation. The slippers you forgot at home are the upsell.</p><p>Does exercise begin when we step on the treadmill? We park as close as possible to the gym entrance. The elders sound out of touch only because they remember the thing before the instrument replaced it. They used to walk to school by necessity. Now we drive to the gym to get some walking done, the instrumental substitute of a civilization that became privileged enough to remove walking from daily life.</p><p>Jesus of Nazareth preached a message of sharing, and Rome put him on a cross for it. Before we called them disruptors, empires called them threats. His followers kept the message alive. Eventually, a church was built around it, with Rome at its centre. Over time, the practice of the virtue became an instrument: a structure that could collect, interpret, administer, and preserve.</p><p>Will Durant wrote: &#8220;We repeatedly enlarge our instrumentalities without improving our purposes.&#8221; In other words, civilization accumulates comfort and capacity, while it does not accumulate wisdom.</p><p>That is the part worth remembering. Someone noticed something that worked. The instrument that came after was not useless. The trouble began when the instrument was allowed to stand in for the thing itself.</p><p>That is how the gospel of the instrument begins.</p><div><hr></div><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading Expect No Answer! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Is my B.Com degree now useless?]]></title><description><![CDATA[A finance grad, a brewer, and an AI tutor write an essay.]]></description><link>https://substack.andreleger.com/p/is-my-bcom-degree-now-useless</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://substack.andreleger.com/p/is-my-bcom-degree-now-useless</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andre Leger]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 09 May 2026 11:10:13 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuKC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7313578b-6c11-41ae-8e00-033a638e9e57_3237x2060.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>While having a beer with friends some time ago, the daughter of one of us dropped by our table at the brewery, back home from a university break. I knew she was studying business, but I&#8217;d never followed up on what concentration she was considering. Accounting and finance was the answer. I couldn&#8217;t help telling her my classic dad joke: you know the difference between accountants and financiers? Accountants look backward, financiers look forward. As expected, she gave me the polite half-smile gen z reserves for dad jokes. She was stuck in the present, and she didn&#8217;t know it yet.</p><p>So we got talking. I told her I had an economics and finance concentration from McGill, class of 1994. I told her accounting and finance was a great combo, that whatever she ended up doing, not letting other people count your own money was an important life skill.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading Expect No Answer! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuKC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7313578b-6c11-41ae-8e00-033a638e9e57_3237x2060.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuKC!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7313578b-6c11-41ae-8e00-033a638e9e57_3237x2060.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuKC!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7313578b-6c11-41ae-8e00-033a638e9e57_3237x2060.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuKC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7313578b-6c11-41ae-8e00-033a638e9e57_3237x2060.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuKC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7313578b-6c11-41ae-8e00-033a638e9e57_3237x2060.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuKC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7313578b-6c11-41ae-8e00-033a638e9e57_3237x2060.jpeg" width="3237" height="2060" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7313578b-6c11-41ae-8e00-033a638e9e57_3237x2060.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2060,&quot;width&quot;:3237,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1058101,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://expectnoanswer.substack.com/i/196996241?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d668fcd-a5e7-4819-9053-2e95e6719f32_3730x2466.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuKC!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7313578b-6c11-41ae-8e00-033a638e9e57_3237x2060.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuKC!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7313578b-6c11-41ae-8e00-033a638e9e57_3237x2060.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuKC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7313578b-6c11-41ae-8e00-033a638e9e57_3237x2060.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AuKC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7313578b-6c11-41ae-8e00-033a638e9e57_3237x2060.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Moving on in the conversation, I said something a bit dramatic, not usually my style, but I was on a roll. I told her that most of the advanced finance theories I&#8217;d learned in my undergrad years had turned out to describe a world we don&#8217;t actually live in: Black-Scholes option pricing, CAPM, portfolio allocation, alpha and beta, and some other financial mumbo-jumbo. Still on the menu, even though the kitchen knows it&#8217;s gone bad.</p><p>Not wrong inside their assumptions. Just dangerous when you forget the assumptions are there. The Long-Term Capital Management implosion of 1998 was the first big crack, the 2008 crisis was the wider one. The main culprit in both cases was financial modelling built on the normal distribution, using the past as a predictor of the future.</p><p>Such severe events were never recorded before. Who could have known. The previous recorder probably said the same thing about the one before that.</p><p>Please allow me one more boring joke. I think it adds some context. A physicist, a chemist, and an economist are stranded on a desert island with a single can of food but no way to open it. The physicist suggests using force and gravity to crack it open. The chemist suggests heating it until the pressure bursts the lid. The economist simply says: &#8220;Assume we have a can opener.&#8221; (Gemini condensed the joke for me. The chain has been running for a long time.)</p><p>So where am I going exactly with my <em>histoire de mon oncle</em>? Nowhere fast, I bet you&#8217;re thinking. I currently run a brewery, work on a one-off project in Cameroon and Senegal, and write a Substack conveniently named I&#8217;m Not an Expert (psstt. this is essay nineteen), on topics including artificial intelligence, organisations, judgment, and so on. Not your usually interesting taproom conversation.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h2>Why I write</h2><p>What was my trigger for starting writing in January? I turned off the TV. I had questions; nothing existential, not a midlife crisis, but about things I&#8217;d been carrying for years without spending adequate time to think them over: capital markets, Bitcoin as a refuge currency, quantum biology, institutional drift. Questions that had been sitting in a backlog while the TV ran, the idiot box they used to call it.</p><p>Writing turned out to be a great way to challenge my ideas, find out what I actually thought. Who would&#8217;ve thunk?</p><p>Last January, I was in Douala, Cameroon, working on an economic development mandate, spending the evenings in the apartment with some free time, and I just started writing what became my first published essay. As I write this, I&#8217;m back in Douala. They say fish is good for the brain. Good assumption.</p><p>Then came the harder question of whether to keep it private or publish. Taleb, one of my favourite modern thinkers, settled it for me, well, at least in my mind. Publishing is skin in the game, as he would say, and if you&#8217;re going to hold a position, put it where it can be challenged, improved, or discredited, because keeping it private is the same as not holding it. Yes, to answer the questions you didn&#8217;t think of asking: I sometimes feel bare in front of the room publishing all these essays about my personal experiences.</p><p>That&#8217;s it, I write for myself. The name of the Substack came naturally: I&#8217;m Not an Expert. Don&#8217;t expect answers. What you&#8217;ll get is someone trying to find out what he thinks, in public, where the thinking can be checked, discredited, fact-checked.</p><p>Why am I baring it all, spending my precious time writing this section? What comes next is going to sound like a critique of credentials. It is. And I have one.</p><h2>Back to finance</h2><p>As I was trying to say, my finance and economics degree taught me a lot of things that turned out not to hold. But not everything was useless. I did have some very useful courses, especially Real Estate Finance, even if I didn&#8217;t suspect at the time I&#8217;d end up as a real estate financial analyst and an investment banking associate. That course was basically maths, so no risk of challenging the equations, just make sure you pick the right one, and don&#8217;t mess up your assumptions.</p><p>Live and learn.</p><p>The late 90s and early 2000s was a good time to be in finance. The dot-com boom and bust, where the tech industry apparently had a meeting and decided that the laws of physics, P/E ratios, and NPVs no longer applied to them. The AI crowd is gospelling that their valuations should equal a meaningful share of the world economy, since AI is going to own it.</p><h2>The plausibility machine</h2><p>Speaking of parallel universes, my friend&#8217;s daughter is walking into a new one, and she doesn&#8217;t know it yet. University professors complaining that AI is destroying learning. Not all professors, but some &#8220;vocal&#8221; ones, the ones actually spending time writing (they probably have a book in the pipeline). Students completing essays in two hours, when it used to take twelve. TAs grading papers they know were written by ChatGPT, told by their supervisors not to fail anyone, ending up grading students on their ability to use the tool. As is my understanding, students are now clients, and the customer is always right. Right?</p><p>The educational apocalypse, as one observer called it.</p><p>I say the framing is wrong. The cheating panic and the hallucination panic, the worry that AI invents facts, are the same panic, and neither is really about AI.</p><p>Watch what the student is doing. You write an essay that sounds right inside the framework the professor is measuring. The framework rewards fluency in its own conventions. Your essay reads like an essay should read. The argument has the right shape. The citations are formatted correctly. The conclusion follows from the premises. Whether any of it is true is a question the framework wasn&#8217;t built to answer.</p><p>That move is older than ChatGPT. I was doing it in 1994. We all were. We sat in lecture halls learning to produce options pricing models that were elegant inside their assumptions. We didn&#8217;t ask whether the assumptions described the world. The professor wasn&#8217;t asking either. The exam measured fluency in the framework. The grade certified the fluency. Whether the model would survive contact with reality was a question that lived somewhere else, in a room I wouldn&#8217;t enter for another decade.</p><p>The student using AI is doing what I did, with better tools. Reciting plausibility inside a framework. The institution measuring the plausibility. The truth test, if it ever comes, happening somewhere else. AI didn&#8217;t introduce this move. The credential was already rewarding it. AI just industrialized it and made it cheap.</p><p>If the goal is the ol&#8217; parchment paper, AI is the cheaper path. Cheap as in low value. If the goal is to prompt all the way, university was already the wrong path, and AI was never the question.</p><p><em>Quick note before going further: I&#8217;m writing here about North American universities. The universities I&#8217;ve worked with in Cameroon and Senegal operate in a different environment, where the feedback loop is tighter. I have not observed the same vulnerability there. Education is valued, real skills are recognized. Remember, I&#8217;m not an expert, and this is not a universal claim. I observe. I write.</em></p><p>It really comes down to this: if you go to university to learn to prompt, maybe you&#8217;re not that smart. You go to learn real stuff, or properly learn how to learn. Universities are not useless. Programs with external accreditation, like medicine, engineering, accounting, and nursing, have additional checkpoints. Same for college and trade programs that evaluate by triangulation: what you produce, what you can demonstrate, and what you can defend in conversation. The vulnerable programs are the ones where production is the only measure. That&#8217;s where AI is exposing what was already broken.</p><p>That said, even there, the evaluation still happens inside a framework. The difference is that reality gets more chances to interrupt. Galileo would have failed an astronomy class in his time.</p><h2>A note on theft</h2><p>I should mention that the title of a previous section, Why I Write, I stole outright from Orwell. Old school snatch. I read the essay a while ago, absorbed it, then got inspired to write my own self-serving section. He&#8217;s been dead long enough that it&#8217;s technically public domain in Canada, but I would have done it anyway. That&#8217;s how writers have always worked. Read what came before, absorb it, put it back out in your own voice for your own reasons. Orwell did the same with the people he read. The chain has been running for a long time.</p><p>Large language models like ChatGPT just industrialized the move and made it cheap. They train on stuff written by someone else, recombine it at scale, and put it back out with the attribution chain broken by design. The reader can&#8217;t tell what came from where. Neither can the writer using the tool. That&#8217;s not obfuscation exactly. Obfuscation implies someone is hiding something. The model isn&#8217;t trying to hide anything. Have you ever prompted one to summarize a book for you? The book lives rent-free on what I still imagine are hard disks somewhere.</p><h2>The end is near</h2><p>I was on X recently and saw a version of the post that keeps circulating: fed up university professors saying AI is destroying learning. An AI-powered, semi-illiterate workforce on the way. A glimpse into the educational apocalypse. The examples were the now-familiar ones. We already mentioned some.</p><p>The framing is wrong, and the wrongness is what this essay has been about. The apocalypse is not that students are cheating. The apocalypse, if there is one, is that the institution can no longer tell the difference between a student who knows something and a student who produces something that looks like knowing. Cheating is a symptom. An institution&#8217;s inability to measure is the disease.</p><p>I learned Black-Scholes models in 1994 that predicted outcomes in a world we don&#8217;t live in, and the institution gave me marks for it. The difference is I had ten years of work to find out which half of what I&#8217;d been taught actually held. The students writing essays in two hours instead of twelve won&#8217;t have that decade. They&#8217;ve outsourced the part where you find out you were wrong, before they ever learned what being wrong feels like. The customer is never wrong?</p><p>The cheating panic and the hallucination panic are the same panic. Both are about plausibility being mistaken for truth. Students do it on purpose. Models do it by design. Some institutions are stalled, because they no longer know what or how to measure.</p><p>The parchment paper is still printed if the tuition is paid up. But when everyone else is assuming a can opener, the useful person is the one who gets the damn thing open.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading Expect No Answer! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/p/is-my-bcom-degree-now-useless?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://substack.andreleger.com/p/is-my-bcom-degree-now-useless?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[We’ve Been Hallucinating for a While]]></title><description><![CDATA[But hallucination is neither bug nor feature]]></description><link>https://substack.andreleger.com/p/weve-been-hallucinating-for-a-while</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://substack.andreleger.com/p/weve-been-hallucinating-for-a-while</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andre Leger]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2026 00:35:56 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kKDq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc9864f3-db9e-4663-8c14-32da7e5c0641_6000x4000.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>When I was in high school, a teacher asked how many states are in the United States. I said fifty. He said I was wrong. The answer was fifty-two. You must include Alaska and Hawaii. I had included them. I told him so. He pulled rank. He was the teacher. It was settled for him. He attempted to humiliate me. He only humiliated himself.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kKDq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc9864f3-db9e-4663-8c14-32da7e5c0641_6000x4000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kKDq!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc9864f3-db9e-4663-8c14-32da7e5c0641_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kKDq!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc9864f3-db9e-4663-8c14-32da7e5c0641_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kKDq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc9864f3-db9e-4663-8c14-32da7e5c0641_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kKDq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc9864f3-db9e-4663-8c14-32da7e5c0641_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kKDq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc9864f3-db9e-4663-8c14-32da7e5c0641_6000x4000.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fc9864f3-db9e-4663-8c14-32da7e5c0641_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1711682,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://expectnoanswer.substack.com/i/195660338?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc9864f3-db9e-4663-8c14-32da7e5c0641_6000x4000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kKDq!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc9864f3-db9e-4663-8c14-32da7e5c0641_6000x4000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kKDq!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc9864f3-db9e-4663-8c14-32da7e5c0641_6000x4000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kKDq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc9864f3-db9e-4663-8c14-32da7e5c0641_6000x4000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kKDq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffc9864f3-db9e-4663-8c14-32da7e5c0641_6000x4000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Still 50. The library was right!</figcaption></figure></div><p>The room mostly did not agree with him. I know, I asked around afterward. But you could not tell in the class. Nobody else stepped to the plate to correct him after I did.</p><p>Forty years later I called my high school buddy to make sure I had not made up a false memory. He remembered it too. We forgot the class. We remembered the teacher&#8217;s name.</p><p>We did not hallucinate.</p><p>The word hallucination was coined by Thomas Browne in 1646. An English physician. He needed a word for a vision that was off. Not a lie. Not a dream. Something the mind produces while convinced it is perceiving the world. From the Latin <em>alucinari</em>, to wander in the mind.</p><p>Browne watched humans hallucinate in the 17th century. Three centuries later, John Tait watched a machine do it.</p><p>Tait described a program called FRUMP, short for Fast Reading Understanding and Memory Program. The name already promised what the program could not do. FRUMP read news wires and summarized them. One day, it processed a sentence about San Francisco being shaken by the death of Mayor Moscone. FRUMP filed the story under earthquake.</p><p>Tait called it &#8220;the hallucination of matches.&#8221; The match was stronger than the meaning.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p>That was 1982. Forty years before ChatGPT made the word a public concern. ChatGPT was released in November 2022. Within months, courts were sanctioning lawyers, professors were failing students, and editors were retracting articles. The same hallucinations entered medical records. ChatGPT had invented cases, quotes, and sources. Some humans had passed them on as facts. AI was giving us something we had not expected: smarter hallucinations. In 2023, Cambridge Dictionary named the verb, hallucinate, its word of the year. The new definition included AI hallucinations.</p><p>It sounds like a glitch. A misfire. Something the machine did while briefly disconnected from reality. The framing protects the system. The system is fine. ChatGPT just hallucinated. Sometimes humans confabulate too. The answer comes first. Then we make up the explanation.</p><p>What about the teacher in 1985? By Browne&#8217;s definition, he did not hallucinate. He believed it. He was not alone. The &#8220;fact&#8221; of fifty-two states was in circulation in the 1980s. Before the web, you went to the library for fact-checking or asked an authority figure, if you had access to one. The teacher was often the only authority in the room. The error survived. I had experienced a phenomenon that would not have a name for another twenty years.</p><p>Can you hallucinate if others experience the same thing?</p><p>The biological hallucination definition no longer holds. Hallucination now describes a system that is wrong, not corrected, and passed as knowledge. The burden of seeing clearly falls on the human, who read in good faith and assumed what they read was factual.</p><p>In 2009, a writer named Fiona Broome noticed that she had a clear memory of Nelson Mandela dying in prison in the 1980s. Other people online agreed. They remembered the funeral. They remembered the news coverage. They were certain.</p><p>Mandela was released from prison in 1990. He became president. He died in 2013, at 95, in his home.</p><p>Broome called it the Mandela Effect. The pattern kept showing up. Mr. Monopoly has never worn a monocle. Darth Vader never said &#8220;Luke, I am your father.&#8221; The line is &#8220;No, I am your father.&#8221; Some still think the United States has fifty-two states. People remember otherwise. Many of them with absolute confidence.</p><p>No machine was involved. No teacher pulled rank. Just a mistake that traveled. One person remembered wrong. Another agreed because they half-remembered the same thing. A third repeated it because the other two sounded sure. Somewhere along the way, the wrong version stopped being a mistake and started being memory.</p><p>The classroom has thirty kids. The social cost of disagreeing with the teacher is immediate. Most stay quiet. Some students could have walked out believing it.</p><p>The Mandela Effect operates on millions. The social cost is harder to see. You are not correcting a specific person. You are correcting a shared memory that has already hardened into fact. By the time the error is old enough to be named, too many people believe it for correction to travel cleanly.</p><p>We have more fact-checking tools now. Will it be easier?</p><p>We test Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) the way my teacher tested me: not to see if it can think, but to see if it provides the expected answer. Developers use benchmarks with technical names like MMLU, ARC-AGI, or HLE. These acronyms act as a shield. They discourage the question. The benchmarks do not track new ideas or complex problems. They check obedience.</p><p>Yann LeCun, Meta&#8217;s former AI chief, has admitted that his team used different models for different benchmarks. &#8220;Results were fudged a little bit,&#8221; he told the Financial Times. We are not testing cognition. We are checking compliance.</p><p>You rate an AGI based on the answer you expect to hear. Is that how you grade an essayist writing on AGI? A diplomat in a tense situation? A researcher with unexpected data?</p><p>AI nepotism: models feeding off models. When a hallucination enters the data, the next model learns it as fact. Error becomes norm. Some call it Habsburg AI, after the dynasty that went extinct through inbreeding. The model reproduces itself with itself until no outside signal can get in. Even before social media, rumours found a way to propagate. Urban legends too. Now, humans needn&#8217;t take part.</p><p>If ChatGPT hallucinates and nobody reads it, is it a hallucination? No. The hallucination needs a reader. And each ChatGPT session is its own environment. The same prompt can produce different answers between sessions, unlike traditional software.</p><p>Bugs used to have addresses. You found the cause. You wrote the fix. Large language models do not fail by bug. The error is not located. There is nothing to patch.</p><p>The industry has a response. Responsible AI. Human in the loop. Guardrails. Reinforcement learning from human feedback. A solution devised by the marketing department. The work looks like correction. It is closer to polish. A glass eye fills the socket. It does not see. You can keep it shining. It is still blind.</p><p>Meanwhile, the teacher still makes the questions and decides the answers. If he is wrong again, it is only a hallucination if he is caught... otherwise it becomes knowledge.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Did I Really Find the Answer to Everything?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Growing up, my brother had a habit that infuriated my mother and me.]]></description><link>https://substack.andreleger.com/p/did-i-really-find-the-answer-to-everything</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://substack.andreleger.com/p/did-i-really-find-the-answer-to-everything</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Andre Leger]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 19 Apr 2026 14:05:05 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!80RJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38dd8dc1-1aba-4856-9485-a1cc4cb4d469_2268x2576.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Growing up, my brother had a habit that infuriated my mother and me. Every time one of us asked him a question, he would give us this unique answer:</p><p><em>&#199;a d&#233;pend.</em></p><p>He was not stalling. He was not flinching. I know that now. He is an electrical engineer who spent years planning telephone networks, then moved into venture capital investing. In both fields the honest answer is the same: it depends on conditions not yet evaluated.</p><p>Back then, it looked like paralysis. He couldn&#8217;t throw me an answer.</p><p>I pictured his boss in the early years, wanting to throw something across the room. Just give us the fucking answer. Tell us where to put that damn tower. Tell us which company gets the axe. Make up your mind. And my mom thought I had no imagination. I didn&#8217;t, but I watched a lot of TV.</p><p>But my brother was not equivocating. He was protecting the question. Why? He&#8217;s stubborn, I think.</p><div><hr></div><p>There was a major power outage in northwestern New Brunswick. A man in my community posted on Facebook: <em>Ok le manque d&#8217;&#233;lectricit&#233;, y vont tu d&#233;duire &#231;a de notre prochaine facture?</em></p><p>Was he asking for credit? Did he forget to use the sarcasm font? Let&#8217;s treat it as a joke. Or not... why do we feel the urge to resolve everything? I smiled and moved on.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>As a teenager, I was under the impression that I knew most of the answers, only to realize I was choosing the questions.</p><p>We ask a lot of questions. We rarely stop to ask if we are even asking the right thing. We assume we know enough to know what to ask. We do not.</p><p>Asking your doctor &#8220;will I die?&#8221; is not the same as asking about the probability of dying from a specific cause. Same person. Same room. Different conversation. The actual answer the doctor will think: yes, you will... eventually.</p><p>Reminds me of a meme. Everybody&#8217;s asking how&#8217;s the beer. Nobody&#8217;s asking how&#8217;s the brewer.</p><p>We do not fail to find answers. We often select the questions that have answers available and call that knowledge.</p><div><hr></div><p>You ask a question and you want a clean answer. Think of a prism. Dark Side of the Moon style. You send the light. They hold the prism.</p><p>The prism does not explain what the light is. It reveals what it contains. What comes out is not an answer. It is the conditions the answer depends on.</p><p>But the light has to hit the right angle. Otherwise, nothing separates.</p><p>Silence, instead of an answer, is hiding the prism. The light is avoided.</p><p>Evasion, even langue de bois, is the prism with a filter. The conditions come out. The ones they chose for you, without your permission.</p><p>&#8220;I don&#8217;t know&#8221; is closer. At least the light is moving. But is it ignorance or apathy? One cannot find the proper angle. The other already left the room.</p><p><em>&#199;a d&#233;pend</em> is not a bug. You asked for an answer. What came out is what the question actually contained. The conditions. The path to an answer, or another question.</p><p>Sometimes they hold it correctly and the light separates cleanly. You read, you move on.</p><p>My brother would not leave the question. That is what infuriated everyone. He held his ground until the conditions were legible.</p><div><hr></div><p>He still built the networks. He still made the investments. <em>&#199;a d&#233;pend</em> did not stop him from pulling the trigger. It stopped him from pulling it before the path was legible.</p><p>The person who demands an answer before the situation is ready is not more efficient. They are rushing the process. <em>&#199;a d&#233;pend</em> does not delay the decision. It refuses the illusion that the decision is obvious. Meanwhile, the one who waited knows the ground.</p><p>The decisions are quick. The process behind them is diligent.</p><div><hr></div><p>I recently took a week off and decided I would read three books. I started with the smallest one. Camus. <em>Le Mythe de Sisyphe.</em></p><p>What a load to bear.</p><p>I carried that book everywhere I went that week. Read half a page. Put it down. Found something else to do. Picked it up again. It travelled with me like an unfinished obligation. I finally finished it on the flight home.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!80RJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38dd8dc1-1aba-4856-9485-a1cc4cb4d469_2268x2576.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!80RJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38dd8dc1-1aba-4856-9485-a1cc4cb4d469_2268x2576.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!80RJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38dd8dc1-1aba-4856-9485-a1cc4cb4d469_2268x2576.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!80RJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38dd8dc1-1aba-4856-9485-a1cc4cb4d469_2268x2576.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!80RJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38dd8dc1-1aba-4856-9485-a1cc4cb4d469_2268x2576.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!80RJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38dd8dc1-1aba-4856-9485-a1cc4cb4d469_2268x2576.jpeg" width="2268" height="2576" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/38dd8dc1-1aba-4856-9485-a1cc4cb4d469_2268x2576.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2576,&quot;width&quot;:2268,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1152817,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://expectnoanswer.substack.com/i/194652324?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff2dbc03d-b9b5-4cd0-9464-01f23f8f864e_4032x2268.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!80RJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38dd8dc1-1aba-4856-9485-a1cc4cb4d469_2268x2576.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!80RJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38dd8dc1-1aba-4856-9485-a1cc4cb4d469_2268x2576.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!80RJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38dd8dc1-1aba-4856-9485-a1cc4cb4d469_2268x2576.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!80RJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38dd8dc1-1aba-4856-9485-a1cc4cb4d469_2268x2576.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon-noB79L"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image buttonBase-GK1x3M"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2 icon-noB79L"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>I was happy just looking at the finished book. Proud of the achievement. The boulder at the top. I closed the book and looked at the clouds through the oval window.</p><p>Then I remembered I had two more books to read. I smiled.</p><p>That is Camus. You do not arrive. You turn around. Sisyphus must be imagined happy. I understood that for the first time at thirty thousand feet, holding a finished book, already knowing the next one was waiting.</p><p>My brother figured that out at the dinner table. Camus needed about 150 pages to convince me.</p><div><hr></div><p>I have been asking why since I was five years old. My cousins gave me a nickname that summer. <em>Pourquoi.</em> It was not a compliment.</p><p>Four decades later I am still asking. The asking did not produce answers. It produced better questions.</p><p>Don&#8217;t expect an answer. If you do, I&#8217;ll know you didn&#8217;t read Camus.</p><div><hr></div><p>When we resolve x, and y, and z. We will reach supreme knowledge.</p><p>And then what?</p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://substack.andreleger.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Subscribe. Do not expect an answer.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>